Nuclear Terrorism Prevention: DHS Has Strengthened the Securing the Cities Program, but Actions Are Needed to Address Key Remaining Challenges
Fast Facts
The Department of Homeland Security's Securing the Cities program is trying to reduce the risk of terrorist attacks in high-risk urban areas. This program helps state and local agencies in 13 regions detect radiological and nuclear materials that could be used in such attacks—such as by funding the purchase of wearable radiation detectors for police officers.
The agency regularly meets with the regions to check in and help address specific issues with this program. However, the agency hasn't clearly communicated to the regions how it plans to measure performance and progress.
We recommended, among other things, that it do so.
Securing the Cities Program Regions and Dates When They Joined
Highlights
What GAO Found
The Department of Homeland Security's Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office (CWMD) has taken multiple steps to strengthen the Securing the Cities (STC) program and is working with regions to address remaining program implementation challenges. CWMD awards funding to support STC regions' program administration. It also funds the procurement and deployment of radiological and nuclear detection equipment and training for the law enforcement officers and other agency partners who use it. To strengthen the program, CWMD has increased outreach and communication activities, developed templates for regional planning and quarterly reporting, and ensured regions' access to long-term federal funding to sustain their STC-related capabilities.
As CWMD continues to improve the program, it is also working with STC regions to address challenges that may affect program implementation. Regions identified several key challenges, including staff attrition and turnover; availability and difficulty of scheduling training courses; and keeping partner agencies engaged with the STC program mission among other competing priorities.
Photos of Types of Nuclear and Radiological Detection Equipment
CWMD's approach to measuring and tracking regions' performance—outlined in a 2023 revision to its STC program implementation plan—generally follows the key practices and their supporting actions for assessing program effectiveness. For example, CWMD uses weekly or biweekly meetings with the STC regions to provide tailored information that regions need to address specific issues affecting their program implementation. However, it has not clearly communicated to the regions the performance expectations and planned assessment approach adopted in the revised plan. By doing so, CWMD would increase the transparency and accountability for results being achieved through the program.
CWMD is collecting and reviewing regional performance data to set targets and benchmarks for assessments that it plans to begin in fiscal year 2025. However, it needs to take additional steps to ensure that information collected from the regions is timely, consistent, complete, and accurate. CWMD officials also stated that they need to complete ongoing and planned efforts to better oversee and hold regions accountable for their performance and timely progress through program phases and toward achieving program goals. By taking these steps, CWMD will be in a better position to use evidence to manage the STC program more effectively, demonstrate regions' progress toward meeting the program goals, and communicate these results to stakeholders.
Why GAO Did This Study
The U.S. faces an enduring threat that terrorists could steal or smuggle nuclear or radiological materials to use in a terrorist attack. The Department of Homeland Security initiated the STC program as a pilot in 2007 to reduce the risk of such attacks by developing and enhancing sustainable radiological and nuclear detection capabilities of state and local agencies in high-risk urban areas. The program includes 13 regions. CWMD awarded about $300 million to these regions through fiscal year 2023.
The CWMD Act of 2018 included a provision for GAO to evaluate the STC program once CWMD completed an assessment of the program, which it did in 2022. This report evaluates (1) CWMD's efforts to strengthen the STC program and address regions' challenges and (2) the extent to which CWMD is measuring and tracking STC regions' performance.
GAO reviewed CWMD and STC regions' documents, interviewed officials from CWMD and from each region, and visited two regions carrying out training exercises. GAO compared CWMD's performance assessment approach with key practices for assessing program effectiveness that GAO identified in prior work.
Recommendations
GAO is making five recommendations, including that CWMD clearly communicate performance expectations to STC regions, collect quality information from the regions, and ensure regions' timely progress through program phases and toward achieving program goals. DHS concurred with the recommendations.
Recommendations for Executive Action
| Agency Affected | Recommendation | Status |
|---|---|---|
| Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office | The Assistant Secretary of CWMD should ensure that the performance sections of regions' implementation plans align with the revised set of performance measures and outcomes. (Recommendation 1) | CWMD agreed with this recommendation and in August 2024 initiated a process for reviewing regional performance data from fiscal years 2023 and 2024 to use in establishing baseline performance measures and targets. According to CWMD, once established, it would take steps to ensure these revised performance measures were integrated into the performance section of the regions' respective plans when implemented in fiscal year 2025. As of March 2025, information provided by CWMD indicates it has been in communication with each STC region to finalize the respective measures as part of reviewing their regional implementation plans. CWMD has established dates for each region to resubmit its... implementation plan for review and approval. Based on these dates, CWMD expects to complete these reviews in fiscal year 2026.
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| Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office | The Assistant Secretary of CWMD should clearly communicate performance expectations to the STC regions for how they will be assessed. (Recommendation 2) | CWMD's STC program meets with each STC region individually on a weekly or bi-weekly basis to discuss respective regional updates and status. At these meetings, regions also obtain updates regarding program metrics and reporting expectations, as well as an opportunity to review and discuss their respective regional data for accuracy. Once the regional assessment process and requirements are finalized, CWMD will then socialize STC targets with the regions and clearly communicate finalized performance expectations. As of March 2025, updated information and documents provided by CWMD, which we reviewed, indicate that CWMD has coordinated and communicated with the STC regions about the final...
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| Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office | The Assistant Secretary of CWMD should regularly communicate the results of its assessments to the regions and outside entities, such as Congress. (Recommendation 3) | Once the STC performance metric targets for the regions are established and the appropriate amount of data is collected to assess performance, CWMD will initiate discussions regarding performance with the regions during their regularly scheduled meetings. CWMD will also share its assessment results with Congress on an annual basis as an appendix to the STC Implementation Plan. As of March 2025, information and documentation provided by CWMD demonstrate that it has finalized the program performance measures and targets as well as a newly established annual performance assessment process. CWMD indicated that the first annual assessment results will be communicated to the regions within 30...
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| Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office | The Assistant Secretary of CWMD should ensure that the STC regions are reporting timely, consistent, complete, and accurate information in their quarterly performance reports. (Recommendation 4) |
In February 2024, CWMD created a quarterly reporting checklist to ensure STC regional quarterly submissions are timely, consistent, complete, and accurate. Since then, according to CWMD, the checklist has been further refined. As of November 2024, CWMD provided documentation that the checklist, which we reviewed, has been fully implemented across all the STC regions.
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| Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office | The Assistant Secretary of CWMD should formally track and document information on regions' progress toward achieving program phases and goals. (Recommendation 5) | In August 2024, CWMD began developing a process for tracking and formally documenting information on STC regions' progress toward achieving program phases and goals. The criteria (including requirements for regions to complete specific plans, exercises with after action reviews, and achieve certain levels of training and equipment procurement) for regions to transition from one phase to the next were drafted and would be applied to one region in order to test and evaluate its implementation. In October 2024, CWMD provided information demonstrating that it had started implemented this process and developed initial drafts of memoranda that would be used to formally communicate the...
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