Single Audits: Improving Federal Audit Clearinghouse Information and Usability Could Strengthen Federal Award Oversight
Fast Facts
Federal award amounts distributed to recipients have increased substantially since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.
If an award recipient spends $750,000 or more in federal funds in a year, it must undergo an audit of its award spending. The results of this "single audit" must be submitted to the Federal Audit Clearinghouse, which is maintained by the General Services Administration.
We found issues with the quality and completeness of the data in this clearinghouse. For example, the clearinghouse can't identify recipients that are required to submit a single audit but didn't.
We recommended, among other things, that GSA address this issue.
Highlights
What GAO Found
The Single Audit Act requires nonfederal entities that spend $750,000 or more in federal awards in a year to undergo a single audit, which is an audit of an entity's financial statements and federal awards, or in select cases a program-specific audit, and submit the results to the Federal Audit Clearinghouse (FAC). The U.S. Census Bureau maintained the FAC until October 2023, when the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) designated the General Services Administration (GSA) to assume responsibilities.
GAO identified some issues with FAC processes that affect the reliability and usefulness of single audit information. For example, the FAC currently cannot identify recipients that should have submitted a single audit but did not. As a result, federal agencies may not have all the data they need to conduct oversight. In addition, OMB has not designated an entity to conduct a government-wide single audit quality review since 2007. Given the trillions of dollars of COVID-19-related financial assistance provided in recent years, a government-wide review is increasingly important to help identify issues in the quality of single audits that can lead to unreliable FAC information.
GAO also found that $1.17 trillion of the reported $6.97 trillion of direct federal award funds spent by recipients from 2017 through 2021 were linked to single audit findings that were both severe (contributed to an auditor's modified opinion or material weakness) and persistent (repeated over multiple years).
Severity and Persistence of Single Audit Findings by Direct Expenditure of Federal Awards, 2017-2021
Note: Numbers may not sum due to rounding. For more details, see fig. 4 in GAO-24-106173.
These findings were also related to $69 billion of COVID-19 relief funds spent from 2020 to 2021. GAO identified 213 findings reported in 2015 or earlier that remained unresolved in 2021.
Why GAO Did This Study
Federal award amounts distributed to recipients have increased substantially since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. For fiscal year 2023, $1.1 trillion of awards were distributed and about 40,000 single audits were submitted to the FAC. Single audits are an important tool to help ensure that award recipients are complying with the requirements of their awards.
The CARES Act includes a provision for GAO to conduct oversight of funds made available to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic. This report examines (1) FAC data reliability for oversight purposes, including oversight of COVID-19 relief funding; (2) processes involved in using and overseeing the FAC; and (3) the extent to which federal award expenditures were linked to severe and persistent single audit findings reported in the FAC.
GAO analyzed FAC data from 2015 through 2021 (the most recent complete data available at the time of review). GAO interviewed selected federal agencies and audit community members about their use of the FAC.
Recommendations
GAO is recommending three matters for Congress to consider, including amending the Single Audit Act to require OMB to initiate a government-wide single audit quality review at a regular interval.
GAO is making 10 recommendations, including four to GSA and six to OMB, to implement guidance and other strategies to further enhance the use and oversight of the FAC. GSA and OMB agreed with GAO's recommendations to them.
Matter for Congressional Consideration
| Matter | Status | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Congress should consider amending the Single Audit Act to require the Director of OMB to initiate a government-wide single audit quality review at a regular interval, such as the 6 years that the Uniform Guidance recommends. (Matter for Consideration 1) | Congress drafted provisions incorporating this matter in the Financial Management Risk Reduction Act (P.L. 118-207), which was signed into law on December 23, 2024. | |
| Congress should consider amending the Single Audit Act to require the Director of OMB to submit a report on the findings from each government-wide single audit quality review to the appropriate committees of Congress. (Matter for Consideration 2) | Congress drafted provisions incorporating this matter in the Financial Management Risk Reduction Act (P.L. 118-207), which was signed into law on December 23, 2024. | |
| Congress should consider amending the Single Audit Act to require the federal awarding agencies to work with the Director of OMB on a government-wide single audit quality review. (Matter for Consideration 3) | Congress drafted provisions incorporating this matter in the Financial Management Risk Reduction Act (P.L. 118-207), which was signed into law on December 23, 2024. |
Recommendations for Executive Action
| Agency Affected | Recommendation | Status |
|---|---|---|
| General Services Administration | The Administrator of GSA should develop a process to regularly identify, analyze, and respond to FAC data reliability issues that may affect federal oversight, such as establishing edit checks to mitigate issues related to data accuracy, consistency, and completeness. (Recommendation 1) |
GSA agreed with this recommendation. In response to our follow-up on actions to address this recommendation, in December 2024, GSA provided evidence that they established some processes to mitigate issues related to data accuracy, consistency, and completeness such as edit checks However, we identified ongoing data reliability issues, including instances where state submissions were uploaded under the incorrect state. Therefore, in April 2025, we sent follow up questions to GSA to determine what additional actions are underway and/or planned to further improve data reliability. We will continue to follow-up with GSA on actions to address this recommendation.
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| General Services Administration | The Administrator of GSA should, in coordination with federal agencies and professional audit organizations, identify and prioritize features to enhance the usefulness of FAC data for federal oversight in accordance with federal data standards. (Recommendation 2) | GSA agreed with this recommendation. In response to our follow-up on actions to address this recommendation, in December 2024 and February 2025, GSA provided evidence that they developed a Product Roadmap which they use to track the development of features based on priority level. However, we found that the Federal Audit Clearinghouse (FAC) office hours, where products developments are discussed with the audit community, have been canceled by GSA in recent months. Therefore, in April 2025, we sent follow up questions to GSA to inquire about their efforts to continue to communicate with members of the audit community. We will continue to follow-up with GSA on actions to address this...
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| General Services Administration | The Administrator of GSA should, in coordination with federal agencies, develop proposed funding and timelines for implementing the identified and prioritized features to enhance the usefulness of FAC data for federal oversight through interagency agreements or other methods. (Recommendation 3) | GSA agreed with this recommendation. In response to our follow-up on actions to address this recommendation, in December 2024 and February 2025, GSA provided evidence of its cost allocation and methodology to fund the development and maintenance of the Federal Audit Clearinghouse (FAC) program; however, it is unclear how much of GSA's current budget will be allocated to implementing features. Further, GSA may have staffing changes that could affect its funding and timelines for enhancing the usefulness of the FAC. Therefore, in April 2025, we sent follow up questions to GSA to inquire about its staffing and budget plans. We will continue to follow-up with GSA on actions to address this...
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| Office of Management and Budget | The Director of OMB should, after consultation with federal agencies, implement the government-wide single audit quality review by naming a federal agency to lead the review as required by the Uniform Guidance. (Recommendation 4) |
OMB agreed with this recommendation. In response to our follow-up on actions to address this recommendation, in March 2025, OMB told us it has no updates to provide. We will continue to follow-up with OMB on actions to address this recommendation.
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| Office of Management and Budget | The Director of OMB should ensure that each of the federal agencies responsible for single audit oversight (cognizant and oversight agencies for audit) collects and reports to GSA a list of the recipients of its federal awards that should have submitted a single audit report for audit year 2023 and did not. (Recommendation 5) |
OMB agreed with this recommendation. In response to our follow-up on actions to address this recommendation, in March 2025, OMB told us it has no updates to provide. We will continue to follow-up with OMB on actions to address this recommendation.
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| Office of Management and Budget | The Director of OMB should work with the Administrator of GSA to establish formal guidance implementing an annual process for each of the federal agencies to collect and report to GSA a list of its federal award recipients that should have submitted a single audit report and did not and to then communicate the guidance to federal agencies for single audits in 2024 and beyond. (Recommendation 6) |
OMB agreed with this recommendation. In response to our follow-up on actions to address this recommendation, in March 2025, OMB told us it has no updates to provide. We will continue to follow-up with OMB on actions to address this recommendation.
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| Office of Management and Budget | The Director of OMB should work with the Administrator of GSA to develop a method for determining federal award recipients that did not submit a single audit report but should have based on their combined funds received from multiple federal agencies and communicate this method to federal awarding agencies. (Recommendation 7) |
OMB agreed with this recommendation. In response to our follow-up on actions to address this recommendation, in March 2025, OMB told us it has no updates to provide. We will continue to follow-up with OMB on actions to address this recommendation.
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| General Services Administration | The Administrator of GSA should, upon consulting with professional audit organizations, provide additional training to auditors and recipients to help ensure that they complete FAC data collection forms accurately, completely, and consistent with the audit report. (Recommendation 8) |
GSA agreed with this recommendation. In response to our follow-up on actions to address this recommendation, in March 2025, GSA provided evidence that it developed additional instruction and guidance on how to complete the data collection form; however, it did not provide evidence that it provided additional training to auditors and recipients. In April 2025, we sent a follow up request to GSA to provide support of additional training(s). We will continue to follow-up with GSA on actions to address this recommendation.
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| Office of Management and Budget | The Director of OMB should consult with federal agencies, CIGIE, and relevant OIGs to discuss methods to help ensure that single audit report reviewers are verifying that the information in a single audit report aligns with the summary information entered on the FAC data collection form. These methods could include adding a procedure to conduct a final quality check in CIGIE's Guide for Desk Reviews of Single Audit Reports. (Recommendation 9) |
OMB agreed with this recommendation. In response to our follow-up on actions to address this recommendation, in March 2025, OMB told us it has no updates to provide. We will continue to follow-up with OMB on actions to address this recommendation.
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| Office of Management and Budget | The Director of OMB should work with GSA and agency key management single audit liaisons to develop a strategy to use FAC data to identify government-wide risks to federal award funds, such as single audit reports that contain findings that are severe or have remained unresolved for multiple years. This strategy should include steps to analyze and respond to significant risks identified. (Recommendation 10) |
OMB agreed with this recommendation. In response to our follow-up on actions to address this recommendation, in March 2025, OMB told us it has no updates to provide. We will continue to follow-up with OMB on actions to address this recommendation.
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