Criminal Investigators: Program-Wide Evaluations and Clear Oversight Responsibilities Could Enhance Training Programs
Fast Facts
Military criminal investigators work on serious, complex crimes—including homicides and sexual assaults. Congress raised questions about military criminal investigators after reports of insufficient training and experience.
We reviewed training for criminal investigators in the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard.
Investigators must complete federal and service-specific investigative training. However:
The services don’t track whether all the training is completed and don’t evaluate overall training effectiveness
DOD hasn’t yet finalized its guidance on training oversight responsibilities
Our recommendations address these issues and more.
People wearing tactical equipment and participating in a training exercise
Highlights
What GAO Found
Criminal investigators at military criminal investigative organizations (MCIO) must complete federal and service-specific criminal investigative training (see figure). MCIOs include the Department of the Army Criminal Investigation Division, Naval Criminal Investigative Service, and Air Force Office of Special Investigations—within the Department of Defense (DOD)—as well as the Coast Guard Investigative Service within the Department of Homeland Security (DHS).
Training for Military Criminal Investigative Organizations' Criminal Investigators
MCIOs track the completion of some service-specific and advanced criminal investigative training to determine investigators' progress through training. However, MCIOs do not have guidance with requirements or procedures to track completion of criminal investigative training. As a result, MCIOs may not have full information on investigators' completed training. Tracking training completion ensures compliance with requirements and allows organizations to track progress consistent with identified goals and objectives. Without such information, MCIOs may not have complete information on the qualifications met or retained by their criminal investigators.
MCIOs evaluate their service-specific basic training courses through periodic course reviews and feedback collected from participants and their supervisors. However, MCIOs do not conduct program-wide evaluations to determine the effectiveness of their criminal investigative training. Plans for regular program-wide evaluation with time frames for review, measures of effectiveness, and documented results would provide MCIOs with the ability to demonstrate how their criminal investigative training programs develop criminal investigators and contribute to MCIOs' missions.
DOD has multiple offices with responsibilities for law enforcement and criminal investigative programs. However, DOD does not regularly monitor and evaluate criminal investigative training programs because responsibility for oversight remains unclear. Without final guidance designating DOD offices' responsibilities for criminal investigative training programs, DOD oversight of the MCIOs' investigative training programs may be incomplete, unclear, or delayed. This could limit DOD's ability to support MCIOs as they develop their programs to ensure criminal investigators are fully qualified to carry out their investigative missions.
Why GAO Did This Study
Criminal investigators at MCIOs investigate serious and complex crimes involving military service members and civilian personnel. An independent committee, established by the Army in response to the disappearance and murder of a Fort Hood, Texas, soldier, identified deficiencies in criminal investigators' experience and training to handle complex cases and accomplish investigative missions.
Senate Report 118-58, accompanying a bill for the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024, includes a provision for GAO to review criminal investigators' training. This report assesses the extent to which (1) MCIOs provide and track the completion of investigative training, (2) MCIOs evaluate investigative training effectiveness, and (3) DOD oversees criminal investigative training. GAO reviewed relevant policies, analyzed data and documents on MCIO training, and interviewed cognizant MCIO, DOD, and DHS officials.
Recommendations
GAO is making a total of nine recommendations, seven to DOD and two to DHS. They include developing and issuing guidance for MCIOs to track criminal investigative training completion; developing plans for program-wide training evaluations; and finalizing guidance designating DOD responsibilities for investigative training. DOD and DHS concurred with GAO's recommendations.
Recommendations for Executive Action
| Agency Affected | Recommendation | Status |
|---|---|---|
| Department of the Army | The Secretary of the Army should ensure the Department of the Army Criminal Investigation Division develops and issues guidance with requirements and procedures to track the completion of training for criminal investigators. (Recommendation 1) |
When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
|
| Department of the Navy | The Secretary of the Navy should ensure the Naval Criminal Investigative Service updates its current guidance with requirements and procedures to track the completion of training for criminal investigators. (Recommendation 2) |
When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
|
| Department of the Air Force | The Secretary of the Air Force should ensure the Air Force Office of Special Investigations develops and issues guidance with requirements and procedures to track the completion of training for criminal investigators. (Recommendation 3) |
When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
|
| Department of Homeland Security | The Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security should ensure that the Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard and the Coast Guard Investigative Service develops and issues guidance with requirements and procedures to track the completion of training for criminal investigators. (Recommendation 4) |
When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
|
| Department of the Army | The Secretary of the Army should ensure the Department of the Army Criminal Investigation Division develops plans for regular program-wide evaluations of its criminal investigative training program that include time frames for review, measures of effectiveness, and documented results. (Recommendation 5) |
When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
|
| Department of the Navy | The Secretary of the Navy should ensure the Naval Criminal Investigative Service develops plans for regular program-wide evaluations of its criminal investigative training program that include time frames for review, measures of effectiveness, and documented results. (Recommendation 6) |
When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
|
| Department of the Air Force | The Secretary of the Air Force should ensure the Air Force Office of Special Investigations develops plans for regular program-wide evaluation of its criminal investigative training program that include time frames for review, measures of effectiveness, and documented results. (Recommendation 7) |
When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
|
| Department of Homeland Security | The Secretary of the Department of Homeland Security should ensure that the Commandant of the U.S. Coast Guard, as part of its oversight responsibilities, and the Coast Guard Investigative Service develops plans for regular program-wide evaluations of its criminal investigative training program that include time frames for review, measures of effectiveness, and documented results. (Recommendation 8) |
When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
|
| Department of Defense | The Secretary of Defense should ensure that the Deputy Secretary of Defense finalizes guidance on the law enforcement-related responsibilities, including any oversight responsibilities for military criminal investigative organizations' training programs, that will align under the Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence and Security. (Recommendation 9) |
When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
|