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Directed Energy Weapons: DOD Should Focus on Transition Planning

GAO-23-105868 Published: Apr 17, 2023. Publicly Released: Apr 17, 2023.
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Fast Facts

DOD spends $1 billion annually on developing directed energy—concentrated electromagnetic energy—weapons. For example, DOD has developed high-energy lasers that have successfully shot down drones in demonstrations.

However, DOD has had trouble getting these technologies out of the lab and into the field for several reasons—including determining how to use them in missions.

The Army developed a detailed transition plan describing schedules and stakeholder roles to support moving these weapons into development. However, the Navy and Air Force haven't done the same.

We recommended they do so.

Demonstrator Laser Weapon System at the White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico

The Demonstrator Laser Weapon System at the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico.

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Highlights

What GAO Found

The Department of Defense (DOD) is currently developing directed energy weapons with the goal of defeating a range of threats, including drones and missiles. However, GAO found that, even as DOD makes progress developing these capabilities, its efforts to transition prototypes to acquisition programs face challenges.

DOD and the military departments have efforts underway to develop directed energy weapons. For example, DOD and military departments developed multiple laser weapon system demonstrators and prototypes, which have been used in live fire demonstrations to successfully shoot down drones. DOD and the military departments are also developing higher-powered laser weapons to counter bigger threats. Additionally, the departments developed a range of high power microwave capabilities for purposes such as engaging missile or drone swarm attacks against a military base.

Notional Depiction of High Power Microwave and High Energy Laser Defending an Installation

Notional Depiction of High Power Microwave and High Energy Laser Defending an Installation

However, DOD has long noted a gap—sometimes called “the valley of death”—between its development and its acquisition communities that impede technology transition. For example, the acquisition community may require a higher level of technology maturity than the development community is able to produce.

For prototypes that a military department expects to eventually transition to a new or existing acquisition program, it needs to identify a transition partner that can support the further development of the new technology. To support transition, the Army developed a detailed plan describing schedules and stakeholder roles to build supporting activities around the use of directed energy weapons and early capabilities documents. However, while the Navy fielded several directed energy weapon prototypes and identified a potential transition partner, it does not have documented transition agreements for the directed energy programs that GAO reviewed. The Air Force has not consistently prioritized establishing transition partners, which makes planning for future transition even more challenging. Without these transition planning steps, the Navy and Air Force risk developing directed energy weapons that may be misaligned with operational needs.

Why GAO Did This Study

DOD spends about $1 billion annually on directed energy—concentrated electromagnetic energy—weapons, including high energy lasers and high power microwaves. DOD has pursued these potentially transformative technologies for decades because they could provide considerable advantages. They can deliver destructive or disruptive effects to targets at the speed of light and have potentially significant advantages over kinetic weapons, such as missiles, including lower per-use cost.

A Senate report includes a provision for GAO to review DOD's directed energy work including the technologies, industrial base and related infrastructure, and transition efforts. This report (1) describes the status of DOD and military department directed energy weapon efforts, and (2) assesses challenges with transitioning directed energy weapon efforts from prototyping. GAO selected seven directed energy efforts to obtain insights on a variety of types of efforts, intended uses environment, and military departments. GAO reviewed DOD documentation and interviewed DOD officials and industry representatives.

Recommendations

GAO is making four recommendations to DOD, including that the Navy and the Air Force develop transition agreements between prototype developers and planned transition partners. DOD concurred with three recommendations and partially concurred with one recommendation. GAO continues to believe that the recommendation should be fully implemented.

Recommendations for Executive Action

Agency Affected Sort descending Recommendation Status
Department of the Air Force The Secretary of the Air Force should ensure the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics, for efforts the Air Force expects to transition to an acquisition program, identify transition partners early and develop transition agreements between prototype developers and identified transition partners within the first year of a DE prototype project, or as soon as possible. (Recommendation 2)
Open
DOD agreed with our recommendation. In March 2024, officials said the Department of the Air Force has a technology transition plan for certain types of demonstrations but does not have a formal transition plan for other types of programs. Air Force officials said they will conduct a study to inform alignment of directed energy technology development and evaluation with warfighter requirements and mission planning activities to improve transition of directed energy technology to fielded capabilities. Further, recommendations from this study will be implemented to optimize transition potential of directed energy technologies that meet warfighter requirements. Officials stated that they expect to finalize a new program technology transition plan in 2024.
Department of the Air Force The Secretary of the Air Force should ensure the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics documents how the Air Force collects, tracks, and incorporates DE prototype user feedback during development and testing. (Recommendation 4)
Open
DOD agreed with our recommendation. In March 2024, Air Force officials reported that in January 2024, the Air Force established a working group with operational and developer stakeholders to exchange directed energy program feedback, data, and transition plans. Additionally, the Air Force reported that it plans to collect, track, and incorporate directed energy prototype user feedback during development and testing through the Air Force Research Laboratory. The Air Force plans to document standard Air Force procedures regarding how user feedback is collected, tracked, and used throughout a program's lifecycle by October 30, 2024.
Department of the Navy The Secretary of the Navy should ensure the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research, Development and Acquisition, for efforts the Navy expects to transition to an acquisition program, develop transition agreements between prototype developers and identified transition partners within the first year of a DE prototype project, or as soon as possible. (Recommendation 1)
Open
DOD partially concurred with our recommendation. In March 2024, officials said the Department of the Navy had previously established the Office of Naval Research's Future Naval Capabilities program which was designed to develop and transition new technologies. Officials also said that funding for technology transition is contingent upon having a signed and negotiated agreement to transition and deploy the technology. However, the Navy did not provide us with documented agreements. Navy officials said they are establishing policy to require MOAs between the developers and the acquisition communities for Innovative Naval Prototype programs that are expected to transition to acquisition programs. That policy is expected to be completed in 2024.
Department of the Navy The Secretary of the Navy should ensure the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research, Development and Acquisition documents how the Navy collects, tracks, and incorporates DE prototype user feedback during development and testing. (Recommendation 3)
Open
DOD agreed with our recommendation. The Navy reports it is developing a report card for one directed energy system that will report on system reliability, maintainability, supply support, and training, as well as supports communication between the NAVSEA's In-Service Engineering Agent and users. The report card will be a medium for users to provide system improvement suggestions and solutions as well as product support improvements. The report card will gather metrics and will identify lessons learned that will be incorporated into future development and testing of directed energy systems. The report card format will be utilized for other directed energy prototyping efforts once installation is complete. The Navy expects to implement these processes in fiscal year 2026.

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Acquisition programsAgency evaluationsAircraft acquisition programsBallistic missile defenseBest practicesCruise missilesDefense infrastructureDronesMilitary departmentsMilitary forcesNational securityNavy shipsNew technologiesProduct developmentResearch and developmentTechnology developmentTechnology transitionUnmanned aerial systemsWarfareWeapon systemsWeaponsWeapons research and development