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United States Government Accountability Office: 

GAO: 

July 2007: 

Report to Congressional Requesters: 

Homeland Security: 

DHS's Actions to Recruit and Retain Staff and Comply with the Vacancies 
Reform Act: 

GAO-07-758: 

GAO Highlights: 

Highlights of GAO-07-758, a report to Congressional Requesters 

Why GAO Did This Study: 

Since its inception in 2003, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) 
has faced numerous human capital challenges related to recruiting, 
retaining, and managing its workforce of nearly 171,000 employees. 

As requested, this report analyzes DHS’s attrition, efforts to recruit 
and retain staff, use of external employees, and compliance with 
certain provisions of the Vacancies Reform Act, which requires agencies 
to report to Congress and the Comptroller General vacancies in certain 
presidentially-appointed positions requiring Senate confirmation. To 
conduct its work, GAO surveyed human capital personnel from DHS and its 
component agencies; analyzed federal personnel data files, Office of 
Personnel Management (OPM) human capital documentation, and relevant 
legislation; and interviewed key DHS officials. 

What GAO Found: 

DHS’s overall attrition rate for permanent employees (excluding those 
in the Senior Executive Service and presidential appointments) declined 
from 8.4 percent in 2005 to 7.1 percent in 2006. These rates, which 
were above the roughly 4 percent average rate for all cabinet-level 
agencies, were affected by high levels of attrition (about 14-17 
percent) among transportation security officers at DHS’s Transportation 
Security Administration. With the security officers excluded, DHS’s 
attrition rate was 3.3 percent. To monitor and understand attrition 
rates, DHS and several of its component agencies separately analyze 
attrition data and administer exit surveys to employees upon their 
departure. GAO has previously reported that these data are useful to 
agencies for workforce planning purposes. 

DHS used various strategies to recruit and retain employees in fiscal 
years 2005 and 2006. For example, DHS used human capital flexibilities 
in accordance with OPM guidance that included offering employee cash 
awards and hiring staff under a 2-year training program. These 
practices and others were rated by most DHS human capital officials GAO 
interviewed as “very effective” recruitment or retention tools, though 
most component officials also cited barriers to making greater use of 
certain flexibilities, such as expedited hiring. 

DHS implemented agreements under the Intergovernmental Personnel Act, 
allowing nonfederal employees to be temporarily assigned to a federal 
agency to meet mission needs. As of September 2006, 36 such agreements 
were in place, roughly half of them in DHS’s Science and Technology 
Directorate. DHS also used personal services contracts to acquire 
talent from outside the government on a temporary basis—with 61 such 
contracts in place as of September 2006, almost all of them in Customs 
and Border Protection and U.S. Coast Guard. 

Between March 2003 and April 2007, DHS filled 16 positions covered by 
the Vacancies Reform Act and complied with the “tenure provision” in 
all cases, which limits to 210 days the tenure of acting officials in 
certain positions that require presidential appointment and Senate 
confirmation. However, during this same period, DHS did not always meet 
related reporting requirements of the act and did not have one of the 
five management controls that GAO has reported as necessary to ensure 
compliance--written procedures documenting how to comply. The act 
requires that agencies immediately report vacancies to Congress and the 
Comptroller General. DHS did not meet this requirement for 3 of 16 
vacancies between 2003 and 2007; DHS’s Office of General Counsel did 
not know why these vacancies were not reported. GAO has previously 
reported that documented procedures are a necessary management control 
mechanism so that when DHS staff responsible for ensuring DHS’s 
compliance with the act leave or are reassigned, their replacements 
will have established guidelines to follow. 

What GAO Recommends: 

GAO is recommending that DHS’s Office of General Counsel develop 
written policies and procedures clearly explaining the duties of 
officials and others responsible for ensuring compliance with the 
Vacancies Reform Act. DHS reviewed a draft of this report and concurred 
with the recommendation. 

[Hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov/cgi-bin/getrpt?GAO-07-758]. 

To view the full product, including the scope and methodology, click on 
the link above. For more information, contact Robert Goldenkoff at 
(202) 512-2757 or goldenkoffr@gao.gov. 

[End of section] 

Contents: 

Letter: 

Results in Brief: 

Background: 

Due to Relatively High Attrition Rates among Transportation Security 
Officers, DHS Attrition Rates Were Higher Than Other Cabinet-Level 
Departments for Fiscal Years 2005 and 2006: 

DHS Makes Use of Various Human Capital Flexibilities for Recruitment 
and Retention and Most Officials We Surveyed Rated Them as "Very 
Effective" 

DHS IPAs and Personal Services Contracts Were in Place Primarily for 
Program Managers and Subject Matter Experts: 

DHS Complied with the Tenure Provisions of the Vacancies Reform Act, 
but Did Not Always Comply with the Act's Reporting Requirements and Did 
Not Implement All Necessary Management Controls: 

Conclusions: 

Recommendation for Executive Action: 

Agency Comments: 

Appendix I: Scope and Methodology: 

Appendix II: DHS Component Agencies: 

Appendix III: Attrition: 

Appendix IV: Human Capital Flexibilities: 

Appendix VI: PA and Personal Services Contracts: 

Appendix VI: Comments from the Department of Homeland Security: 

Appendix VII: GAO Contact and Acknowledgments: 

Tables: 

Table 1: SES Survey Responses on Challenges Faced in Filling SES 
Positions, by Type of Challenge: 

Table 2: Flexibilities Involving DHS's Recruitment of New Employees: 

Table 3: Flexibilities Involving DHS's Retention of Employees: 

Table 4: Flexibilities Involving DHS's Retention of Employees and/or 
Recruitment of New Employees: 

Table 5: Number of Times DHS Used Flexibilities Related to Retention 
per 100 Permanent Employees: 

Table 6: Percent of New Permanent Hires for Which DHS Used 
Flexibilities Related to Recruitment: 

Table 7: IPA Agreements in DHS as of September 30, 2006: 

Table 8: Personal Services Contracts in DHS as of September 30, 2006: 

Table 9: Non-senior-level Attrition at Cabinet-Level Agencies, Fiscal 
Years 2005 & 2006: 

Table 10: Non-senior-level Attrition at DHS Components, Fiscal Years 
2005 & 2006: 

Table 11: Senior-Level Attrition at Cabinet-Level Agencies, Fiscal 
Years 2005 and 2006: 

Table 12: Senior-Level Attrition at DHS Components, Fiscal Years 2005 
and 2006: 

Table 13: Number of Times DHS Components Used Human Capital 
Flexibilities in Fiscal Year 2005: 

Table 14: Number of Times DHS Components Used Human Capital 
Flexibilities in Fiscal Year 2006: 

Table 15: Number of Times DHS Used Human Capital Flexibilities in 
Fiscal Year 2005 for Every 100 Permanent Employees: 

Table 16: Percent of New Permanent Hires for Which DHS Used Human 
Capital Flexibilities in Fiscal Year 2005: 

Table 17: Number of Times DHS Used Human Capital Flexibilities in 
Fiscal Year 2006 for Every 100 Permanent Employees: 

Table 18: Percent of New Permanent Hires for Which DHS Used Human 
Capital Flexibilities in Fiscal Year 2006: 

Table 19: Rate at Which DHS Used Human Capital Flexibilities in Fiscal 
Year 2006 per Every 100 Permanent Employees Compared to Median Rate at 
Which Executive Agencies Used Flexibilities in Fiscal Year 2006: 

Table 20: Percentage of New Permanent Hires for Which DHS Used Human 
Capital Flexibilities in Fiscal Year 2006 Compared to the Median 
Percentage at Executive Agencies in Fiscal Year 2006: 

Table 21: Flexibilities Components Would Have Liked to Use More Often 
and the Factors That Prevented Them from Doing So: 

Table 22: Intergovernmental Personnel Act Agreements at DHS as of 
September 30, 2006: 

Table 23: Personal Services Contracts at DHS as of September 30, 2006: 

Figures: 

Figure 1: Department of Homeland Security Organization Chart: 

Figure 2: Comparison of DHS Attrition with Other Cabinet-Level Agencies 
on a Quarterly Basis during Fiscal Years 2005 & 2006: 

Figure 3: Attrition at DHS Component Agencies during Fiscal Years 2005 
& 2006: 

Figure 4: Senior-Level Attrition at Cabinet-Level Departments during 
Fiscal Years 2005 and 2006: 

Figure 5: Frequency with Which DHS Components Used Individual or Group 
Cash Awards per 100 Employees during Fiscal Years 2005 and 2006: 

Figure 6: Percent of New Hires for Which DHS Components Used FCIP: 

Figure 7: DHS Components Rate the Effectiveness of Human Capital 
Flexibilities for Recruiting New Staff: 

Figure 8: DHS Components Rate the Effectiveness of Human Capital 
Flexibilities for Retaining Staff: 

Abbreviations: 

CBP: U.S. Customs and Border Protection: 

CPDF: Central Personnel Data File: 

CHCO: Chief Human Capital Office: 

DHS: Department of Homeland Security: 

FCIP: Federal Career Intern Program: 

FEMA: Federal Emergency Management Agency: 

HQ: DHS Headquarters: 

HSA: Homeland Security Act: 

ICE: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement: 

IPA: Intergovernmental Personnel Act: 

OPM: Office of Personnel Management: 

PAS: presidentially appointed, Senate-confirmed: 

SES: Senior Executive Service: 

SCEP: Student Career Experience Program: 

S&T: DHS's Science and Technology Directorate: 

TSA: Transportation Security Administration: 

TSO: Transportation Security Officer: 

United States Government Accountability Office: 
Washington, DC 20548: 

July 16, 2007: 

The Honorable Bennie G. Thompson: 
Chairman: 
Committee on Homeland Security: 
House of Representatives: 

The Honorable Christopher P. Carney: 
Chairman: 
Subcommittee on Management, Investigations, and Oversight: 
Committee on Homeland Security: 
House of Representatives: 

Since its inception in March 2003, the Department of Homeland Security 
(DHS) has faced enormous challenges related to protecting the nation 
from terrorism while organizing its 22 predecessor agencies--several 
with existing program and management challenges--into a coherent and 
integrated department. Because these difficulties could have serious 
consequences for the security of our country, we designated the 
department's implementation and transformation a high-risk area in 2003 
and reiterated our concerns in January 2005 and again in January 
2007.[Footnote 1] 

One key challenge DHS has faced is effectively and strategically 
managing its sizable workforce of nearly 171,000 employees in order to 
respond to current and emerging 21st century challenges. DHS has taken 
action to integrate the legacy agency workforces that make up its 
components and has issued both a strategic human capital plan as well 
as a workforce plan for the entire department. 

But, as we have previously reported, many human capital challenges 
remain.[Footnote 2] They include attracting and retaining a qualified 
workforce; rewarding individuals based on individual, team, unit, and 
organizational results; obtaining, developing, providing incentives to, 
and retaining needed talent; and ensuring leadership at the top. In 
addition, the Office of Personnel Management (OPM), which plays a key 
role in helping agencies build needed infrastructure and prepare for 
reform, recently reported that DHS scored near the bottom, relative to 
other federal agencies, on indices measuring leadership and knowledge 
management, results-oriented performance culture, talent management, 
and job satisfaction. These measures, which come from OPM's 2006 
Federal Human Capital Survey, were consistent with those from prior 
years. 

As you know, various governmentwide laws, regulations, and departmental 
policies govern DHS's approach to human capital management as it seeks 
to address these challenges. For example, the Vacancies Reform 
Act[Footnote 3] requires agencies to report to Congress and us 
vacancies in certain presidentially-appointed positions requiring 
Senate confirmation, and limits to 210 days the length of time an 
official can fill such a position in an acting capacity (known as the 
act's tenure provision). In addition, the Intergovernmental Personnel 
Act (IPA)[Footnote 4] allows a nonfederal employee to be temporarily 
assigned to a federal agency to meet the goals and objectives of both 
entities. Moreover, the Homeland Security Act[Footnote 5] and other 
statutes permit DHS to use personal services contracts to acquire 
talent from outside the government on a temporary basis. DHS also may 
implement human capital flexibilities, which are statutory authorities 
granted to agencies to allow them greater leeway in recruiting, 
retaining, developing, managing, and compensating employees to meet the 
challenges of the 21st century. They can include, among other things, 
incentive awards, recruitment and retention bonuses, training and 
development, and work-life policies that help agencies in a competitive 
employment environment to attract and retain sufficient numbers of high-
quality employees. 

In light of the human capital issues facing DHS, you asked us to 
examine aspects of how the agency manages and oversees its human 
capital resources. In response, this report assesses (1) DHS's 
attrition rates of permanent and senior-level employees for fiscal 
years 2005 and 2006 and agency efforts to address workforce issues 
related to attrition and filling senior-level vacancies; (2) DHS's use 
of human capital flexibilities to recruit and retain staff; (3) how DHS 
makes use of IPA agreements and personal services contracts, and its 
authority for these tools, as of the end of fiscal year 2006; and (4) 
DHS's compliance with the tenure provision and related reporting 
requirements of the Vacancies Reform Act, and whether management 
controls are in place to help ensure compliance with the act. 

To obtain information on attrition (defined for this report as 
resignations and transfers to other departments and agencies outside of 
DHS) of permanent employees,[Footnote 6] we analyzed fiscal years 2005 
and 2006 data from OPM's Central Personnel Data File (CPDF). We also 
used the CPDF data to determine attrition of DHS senior-level 
employees, both Senior Executive Service (SES) and presidentially 
appointed. We have previously assessed the reliability of the CPDF and 
found it sufficiently reliable for our analysis. We did not make 
judgments regarding how the attrition of permanent employees or the 
attrition of senior-level employees has affected DHS. To obtain 
information on the degree of challenge that DHS components had in 
filling senior-level positions, we surveyed human capital personnel 
from DHS component agencies using a telephone survey we developed for 
this engagement. To obtain information on DHS's use of human capital 
flexibilities for recruitment and retention, we used OPM documentation 
and our past reports to identify human capital flexibilities likely to 
affect DHS's ability to recruit and retain staff. We then limited the 
list of flexibilities likely to affect recruitment and retention to 
those for which OPM maintained data in the CPDF and categorized them as 
relating to recruitment, retention, or both. We used the CPDF data to 
calculate DHS's use of the flexibilities in fiscal years 2005 and 2006. 
We also surveyed DHS headquarters and component agency human capital 
officials on the use and perceived effectiveness of the flexibilities 
and impediments to their use, using a self-report telephone survey we 
developed for this engagement. We did not make judgments regarding how 
DHS's use or non-use of human capital flexibilities has affected the 
agency and we did not assess the appropriateness of DHS's use of any 
specific human capital flexibilities, the reasons officials provided 
for using or not using them, or the appropriateness of OPM's rules. We 
analyzed how DHS makes use of IPA agreements and personal services 
contracts, how often, and to what extent, as of the end of fiscal year 
2006. To obtain information on DHS's use of IPA agreements, we met with 
DHS and requested and reviewed information pertaining to salaries, 
description of duties, and name of employer, for all IPAs in place as 
of September 30, 2006. To obtain information on DHS's use of personal 
services contracts, we met with officials in DHS's Chief Procurement 
Office and analyzed information pertaining to salary/contract value, 
description of duties, and names of components utilizing all personal 
services contracts in place as of September 30, 2006. We assessed the 
reliability of information supplied pertaining to IPA agreements and 
personal services contracts by interviewing agency officials 
knowledgeable about the data and determined that the data were 
sufficiently reliable for the purposes of this report. We did not make 
judgments as to how the use of IPA's or personal services contracts has 
affected DHS. To determine DHS's compliance with the tenure and 
reporting requirements of the Vacancies Reform Act, we reviewed the 
provisions of the act and reviewed information contained in the 
Executive Vacancy Database that we maintain to collect and analyze 
vacancy data submitted to us by agencies. To determine if DHS had 
implemented the management controls necessary to help ensure compliance 
with the act, we interviewed DHS officials, obtained documentation from 
DHS, and reviewed our past work on the act. 

CPDF data indicate that there were 13 components that made up DHS 
during fiscal year 2006 (see below for a listing of DHS component 
agencies in CPDF). However, for some purposes DHS categorizes the 
components differently. For the survey that we conducted on DHS's use 
of human capital flexibilities, we interviewed officials representing 
the 13 components plus the Management Directorate. Likewise, for the 
survey on filling senior vacancies, we interviewed officials 
representing the 13 components plus Office of Intelligence Analysis, 
Office of Operations, Office of Preparedness, and Office of General 
Counsel. As a result, our survey data reflect 14 and 17 components, 
respectively, while the CPDF data reflect 13 components. 

Components listed in CPDF: 

* DHS Headquarters (HQ): 

* Domestic Nuclear Detection Office (DNDO): 

* Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA): 

* Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC): 

* Office of the Inspector General (OIG): 

* Office of the Under Secretary for Science and Technology (S&T): 

* Transportation Security Administration (TSA): 

* U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (CIS): 

* U.S. Coast Guard (USCG): 

* U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP): 

* U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE): 

* U.S. Secret Service (USSS): 

* U.S. Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology (US-VISIT): 

We conducted our work from September 2006 through June 2007 in 
accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. See 
appendix I for more information about our scope and methodology. 

Results in Brief: 

Although DHS's attrition rates for permanent non-senior-level employees 
decreased from 8.4 to 7.1 percent between fiscal years 2005 and 2006, 
the department's attrition rates were higher for both permanent non- 
senior -level and senior-level employees than the average attrition of 
comparable employees at all other cabinet-level departments. However, 
this was due, in part, to attrition rates of Transportation Security 
Officers (TSO) at the Transportation Security Administration (TSA), who 
compose roughly a third of all DHS employees. After excluding TSA's 
attrition rates for TSOs, DHS's overall attrition rate was 3.3 percent 
for both years. This compares to an average attrition rate during the 
same period of approximately 4.0 percent for other cabinet-level 
departments. For senior-level employees (those in SES or presidentially 
appointed positions), the rate of attrition was also higher for both 
years at DHS--14.5 and 12.8 percent respectively, than the average 
attrition at all cabinet-level departments (7 and 6 percent, 
respectively). With respect to the ability of DHS to fill vacant SES 
positions, DHS personnel at most of the components that we surveyed 
reported that filling senior-level positions was either not a challenge 
or posed a slight or moderate challenge. For example, when asked 
whether they faced challenges to hiring senior-level personnel due to a 
limited number of applicants with the necessary leadership skills, most 
reported that this was not a challenge or that it posed a slight or 
moderate challenge. With respect to collecting data for workforce 
planning, DHS reported that the department itself, plus 9 of 13 
components, separately analyze attrition data for their workforces. 
Further, they reported that 11 components administer exit surveys to 
their employees leaving the agency. We have previously reported that 
these data are useful to agencies for workforce planning purposes. 

DHS made use of various human capital flexibilities, in accordance with 
guidance from OPM, to recruit and retain employees in fiscal years 2005 
and 2006. The flexibilities implemented by DHS included practices such 
as hiring incentives, performance awards, and more. Flexibilities 
frequently used by DHS, according to OPM's Central Personnel Data File, 
included individual and group cash awards and the Federal Career Intern 
Program (FCIP). These and other such practices were rated by all or 
most DHS human capital officials we interviewed as "very effective" 
recruitment or retention tools (14 of 14 on recruitment effectiveness 
and 10 of 14 on retention effectiveness). However, officials at 12 of 
14 components also stated that there were reasons why they could not 
make greater use of certain flexibilities, citing, for example, a lack 
of funding to implement them or that federal rules and regulations 
prevented them from making greater use of these flexibilities. For 
example, officials at eight DHS components stated that they wanted to 
use direct hire authority--a special authority that expedites hiring-- 
but federal rules and regulations governing eligibility for direct hire 
authority prevented them from doing so by restricting the positions for 
which agencies can use the authority. DHS plans to increase the use of 
some human capital flexibilities as part of an effort to improve the 
hiring process, which is part of a broader ongoing effort to meet 
strategic human capital goals. 

As of September 2006, a total of 36 IPA agreements were in place at 
DHS; of these, 17 were located in the agency's Science and Technology 
Directorate (S&T) for individuals performing program manager functions 
and duties. In addition, 61 personal services contracts were in place, 
with 36 in CBP for the services of individuals with subject matter 
expertise. Salaries for IPA individuals ranged from $48,000 to 
$248,000, with a median salary of $133,540. For personal services 
contracts awarded to contractors, costs ranged from about $300 for 
laboratory testing services to almost $21 million for dental and other 
medical services. 

Between its inception in March 2003 and April 2007, DHS filled 16 
positions under the Vacancies Reform Act and complied with the tenure 
provision in all cases. However, during this same period, DHS did not 
always meet the related reporting requirements of the act and did not 
have one of the five management controls that we have reported are 
necessary to ensure compliance with the act, overall. Specifically, 
with respect to reporting, the act requires that agencies immediately 
report vacancies to Congress and the Comptroller General. We found that 
DHS did not meet this requirement for 3 of the 16 vacancies that 
occurred between March 2003 and April 2007: DHS failed to report 
vacancies in the position of Deputy Secretary in 2003, in the position 
of Commissioner of Customs in 2005, and in the position of Assistant 
Secretary for Immigration and Customs Enforcement in 2005. We also 
found that the DHS Office of General Counsel, which has responsibility 
within DHS for compliance with the act, did not have documented written 
procedures for compliance with the act--one of the five management 
controls we have reported as necessary to ensure compliance. We 
previously reported that documented procedures are a basic management 
control mechanism that can help to ensure that when DHS staff 
responsible for ensuring DHS's compliance with the Vacancies Reform Act 
leave or are reassigned, those who replace them will have established 
guidelines to follow. During the course of our work, DHS did in fact 
reassign responsibility for compliance with the act from one attorney 
to another. To prepare for this transition, an informal outline about 
compliance was provided. However, informal outlines might not be 
sufficient to ensure that compliance-related procedures are understood 
and followed, and formal documented procedures rather than informal 
notes or outlines might better prepare a replacement to meet the act's 
requirements in a timely manner. 

We are recommending that the Secretary of the Department of Homeland 
Security direct DHS's Office of General Counsel to develop written 
policies and procedures that clearly explain the duties of officials 
who may be responsible for ensuring compliance with the Vacancies 
Reform Act including the reporting requirements, and how these duties 
are to be carried out. 

DHS reviewed a draft of this report and concurred with the 
recommendation. In its written response, DHS noted that a draft written 
policy and procedures to address this issue is being circulated within 
the department for comment and final clearance. 

Background: 

DHS Organization: 

DHS was established by the Homeland Security Act of 2002 and became 
operational in March 2003 with the consolidation and alignment of 22 
separate governmental agencies. The 22 individual agencies were 
formerly subordinate to eight departments: Agriculture, Commerce, 
Defense, Energy, Health and Human Services, Justice, Transportation, 
and the Treasury, and two independent offices (FEMA and the General 
Services Administration). In March 2005, Secretary Chertoff launched a 
"Second Stage Review," which resulted in the reallocation of functions 
within DHS and the establishment, consolidation and/or alteration of 
organizational units, effective October 1, 2005. (See fig. 1 for the 
DHS organizational structure effective as of the time of our review.) 

Figure 1: Department of Homeland Security Organization Chart: 

[See PDF for image] 

Source: DHS. 

[End of figure] 

Human Capital Management: 

As we have reported in prior work, strategic human capital planning is 
the centerpiece of federal agencies' efforts to transform their 
organizations to meet the governance challenges of the 21st 
century.[Footnote 7] Generally, strategic workforce planning addresses 
two critical needs: (1) aligning an organization's human capital 
program with its current and emerging mission and programmatic goals 
and (2) developing long term strategies for acquiring, developing, 
motivating, and retaining staff to achieve programmatic goals. The long-
term fiscal outlook and challenges to governance in the 21st century 
are prompting fundamental reexamination of what government does, how it 
does it, and who does it. Strategic human capital planning that is 
integrated with broader organizational strategic planning is critical 
to ensuring agencies have the talent they need for future challenges. 

In the same report, we reported that top leadership in the agencies 
must provide the committed and inspired attention needed to address 
human capital and related organization transformation issues. Agencies' 
human capital planning efforts need to be fully integrated with mission 
and critical program goals. We reported that agencies too often do not 
have the components of strategic human capital planning needed to 
address their current and emerging challenges. Augmented efforts are 
needed to improve recruiting, hiring, professional development, and 
retention strategies to ensure that agencies have the talent needed to 
carry out their current and future missions. Overall, federal agencies 
need to ensure that they are using flexibilities available to them to 
recruit and hire top talent and to address the current and emerging 
demographic challenges facing the government. 

Vacancies Reform Act: 

The Vacancies Reform Act was passed to ensure a clear understanding of 
what is to be done when certain presidentially appointed, Senate- 
confirmed (PAS) positions[Footnote 8] fall vacant.[Footnote 9] These 
positions constitute the highest level of staff in the federal 
executive branch, including the secretaries for cabinet-level 
departments and their deputy and assistant secretaries. Because most of 
these executives typically have relatively short tenures, positions 
often are vacated during presidential terms of office. At a change of 
administration, virtually all PAS positions are vacated. Under the 
Vacancies Reform Act, if a presidential appointee covered by the act 
dies, resigns, or is otherwise unable to perform the functions and 
duties of the office, the requirements of the act must be followed. For 
covered PAS vacancies, the Vacancies Reform Act, among other things, 

* Requires agencies to immediately report to the Senate, the House of 
Representatives, and the Comptroller General changes in PAS positions, 
including a vacancy and the date it occurs, the name of any person 
serving in an acting capacity and the date such service began, the name 
of any person nominated to fill a vacancy and the date such nomination 
is submitted to the Senate, and any rejection, withdrawal, or return of 
a nomination and the related date. 

* Specifies who may serve as acting officer. 

* Limits the service of acting officials to 210 days beginning on the 
date the vacancy occurred. At the end of the time limit, no one may 
serve in the position on an acting basis. The Vacancies Reform Act 
extends or resets the 210-day period under certain circumstances, such 
as suspending the time limit when a nomination is pending before the 
Senate and extending the limit by 90 days with respect to any vacancy 
existing during the 60-day period beginning at the start of a new 
administration. The Vacancies Reform Act also requires us to inform 
specified congressional committees, the President, and the Office of 
Personnel Management if an acting officer has served longer than the 
statutory limit. 

After passage of the Vacancies Reform Act, we, together with the 
executive branch, developed a form, "Submission Under the Federal 
Vacancies Reform Act," which the White House instructed agencies to use 
beginning July 1999 to notify Congress and us of the reportable events 
under the Vacancies Reform Act. We maintain a computerized tracking 
system to collect and analyze data submitted by agencies.[Footnote 10] 
We receive agencies' reports and enter the data in our tracking system. 

Due to Relatively High Attrition Rates among Transportation Security 
Officers, DHS Attrition Rates Were Higher Than Other Cabinet-Level 
Departments for Fiscal Years 2005 and 2006: 

The attrition rate for permanent non-senior-level employees decreased 
from fiscal years 2005 to 2006, but was higher than other cabinet level 
departments in both years. The higher attrition rate among permanent 
non-senior-level employees was largely due to the attrition of TSA 
Transportation Security Officers (TSO). The attrition rate for senior- 
level employees--those in SES or presidentially appointed positions-- 
was higher than the average senior-level attrition rate for all cabinet-
level departments, but was not the highest rate of all departments. DHS 
reported that there is rarely great difficulty in finding senior 
executive service personnel with the skills and qualifications needed 
to fill vacant positions. DHS and some of its components use attrition 
and exit survey data for workforce planning. 

DHS's Attrition Rate Affected by Attrition among TSA's Transportation 
Security Officers: 

An analysis of quarterly CPDF data for fiscal years 2005 and 2006 
indicated that the attrition rate for DHS non-senior-level permanent 
employees declined from 8.4 percent in 2005 to 7.1 percent in 2006 (see 
fig. 2). However, both years' rates were higher than the average for 
all cabinet-level executive agencies of 4.0 percent in 2005 and 3.9 
percent in 2006. (For purposes of our analysis, we restricted our 
definition of attrition to include permanent employees working either 
full-or part-time who left via resignation or transfer to another 
department.) 

Within DHS, attrition by TSOs employed at TSA contributed significantly 
to the overall DHS attrition rate, with rates of 17.6 percent in 2005 
and 14.6 percent in 2006 (see fig. 2). When we excluded TSOs, who 
represented 35.8 percent of DHS's permanent employees in 2005 and 34.0 
percent in 2006, from DHS's overall attrition rate, the resulting 
attrition rate for DHS was 3.3 percent for both years. This attrition 
rate was lower than the average for all cabinet-level departments. 
Additional details about attrition at all cabinet-level departments for 
fiscal years 2005 and 2006 are provided in appendix III, table 9. 

Figure 2: Comparison of DHS Attrition with Other Cabinet-Level Agencies 
on a Quarterly Basis during Fiscal Years 2005 & 2006: 

[See PDF for image] 

Source: GAO analysis of CPDF data. 

[End of figure] 

Figure 3 and table 10 in appendix III provide additional detail about 
attrition at DHS component agencies for fiscal years 2005 and 2006. 

Figure 3: Attrition at DHS Component Agencies during Fiscal Years 2005 
& 2006: 

[See PDF for image] 

Source: GAO analysis of CPDF data. 

[End of figure] 

Though DHS Senior-Level Attrition Decreased between Fiscal Years 2005- 
2006, the Rate Was More Than Twice the Federal Average: 

DHS senior-level attrition rates were higher in fiscal years 2005 and 
2006 than the average for all cabinet-level departments though some 
departments had higher attrition. The DHS attrition rate for senior- 
level employees was 14.5 percent in fiscal year 2005 and 12.8 percent 
in fiscal year 2006, while the average for all cabinet-level 
departments was 7 percent and 6 percent, respectively (see fig. 4). For 
the purposes of this engagement, we defined senior-level personnel as 
those in presidentially-appointed positions and employees in the SES. 
According to DHS, as of March 30, 2007, it (excluding TSA) had 24 
presidential appointments (4 vacant) and 489 SES positions (111 
vacant).[Footnote 11] In addition, TSA had 1 presidential appointment 
(0 vacant) and 155 Transportation SES[Footnote 12] positions (16 
vacant). Table 11 in appendix III provides additional detail about 
senior-level attrition at cabinet-level departments for fiscal years 
2005 and 2006. 

Figure 4: Senior-Level Attrition at Cabinet-Level Departments during 
Fiscal Years 2005 and 2006: 

[See PDF for image] 

Source: GAO analysis od CPDF data. 

[End of figure] 

We also analyzed senior-level attrition within DHS and found that 
Headquarters, TSA, and FEMA had the highest attrition at the senior- 
level. Over the 2-year period, DHS Headquarters experienced a turnover 
of more than half its senior employees through resignation or transfer 
to another executive branch department (17 of 62 individuals in 2005 
and 19 of 56 in 2006).[Footnote 13] TSA's turnover was 25 of 160 
individuals in 2005 and 21 of 145 in 2006; and FEMA lost 4 of 34 
individuals in 2005 and 7 of 34 in 2006. Appendix III, table 12, 
provides additional detail about senior-level attrition at DHS 
component agencies for fiscal years 2005 and 2006. 

Few DHS Component Agencies Reported "Great" Challenges to Filling SES 
Vacancies: 

In response to our survey, few DHS component agency officials reported 
significant challenges to filling SES vacancies. Of four categories 
(limited number of applicants with the necessary leadership skills, 
limited number of applicants with the necessary technical skills, SES 
staffing/hiring process, and OPM 90-day quality review board process), 
the Domestic Nuclear Detection Office reported that the limited number 
of applicants with the necessary technical skills was a "great" or 
"very great" challenge to filling vacant SES positions. FEMA reported 
that the SES staffing and hiring process was a "great" or "very great" 
challenge to filling vacant SES positions. Further, CBP and Immigration 
and Customs Enforcement reported that the OPM 90-day qualifications 
review board process was a "great" or "very great" challenge to filling 
vacant SES positions. All other agencies reported that these four 
categories posed no challenge, slight challenge, or moderate challenge 
to filling vacancies. Additionally, no agency reported that a limited 
number of applicants with the necessary leadership skills was a "great" 
or "very great" challenge to filling vacant SES positions (see table 
1). 

Table 1: SES Survey Responses on Challenges Faced in Filling SES 
Positions, by Type of Challenge: 

Level of challenge reported: Not a challenge; 
Limited number of applicants with the necessary leadership skills: 
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center; 
Office of Intelligence Analysis; 
Office of the Inspector General; 
Office of Operations; 
Science and Technology Directorate; 
Transportation Security Administration; 
U.S. Coast Guard; 
Limited number of applicants with the necessary technical skills: 
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center; 
Office of the Inspector General; 
Office of Operations; 
Science and Technology Directorate; 
U.S. Coast Guard; 
SES staffing/hiring process: 
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center; 
Office of General Counsel; 
Office of the Inspector General; 
Office of Operations; 
Office of Preparedness; 
Transportation Security Administration; 
U.S. Secret Service; 
OPM 90-day qualifications review board process: 
DHS Headquarters; 
Domestic Nuclear Detection Office; 
Federal Law Enforcement Training Center; 
Office of General Counsel; 
Office of Operations; 
Science and Technology Directorate; 
Transportation Security Administration; 
US-VISIT. 

Level of challenge reported: Slight or moderate challenge; 
Limited number of applicants with the necessary leadership skills: 
CBP; 
DHS Headquarters; 
Domestic Nuclear Detection Office; 
Federal Emergency Management Agency; 
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement; 
Office of General Counsel; 
Office of Preparedness; 
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service; 
U.S. Secret Service; 
Limited number of applicants with the necessary technical skills: 
CBP; 
DHS Headquarters; 
Federal Emergency Management Agency; 
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement; 
Office of General Counsel; 
Office of Intelligence Analysis; 
Office of Preparedness; 
Transportation Security Administration; 
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service; 
U.S. Secret Service; 
SES staffing/hiring process: 
DHS Headquarters; 
Domestic Nuclear Detection Office; 
Office of Intelligence Analysis; 
U.S. Coast Guard; 
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Enforcement; 
CBP; 
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement; 
US-VISIT; 
Science and Technology Directorate; 
OPM 90-day qualifications review board process: 
Federal Emergency Management Agency; 
Office of Intelligence Analysis; 
Office of the Inspector General; 
Office of Preparedness; 
U.S. Coast Guard; 
U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service. 

Level of challenge reported: 
Great or very great challenge; 
Limited number of applicants with the necessary leadership skills: 
None; 
Limited number of applicants with the necessary technical skills: 
Domestic Nuclear Detection Office; 
SES staffing/hiring process: FEMA; 
OPM 90-day qualifications review board process: 
CBP; 
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. 

Source: GAO analysis of survey results. 

[End of table] 

DHS and Several Component Agencies Analyze Attrition Data and Most 
Components Administer Exit Surveys to Assist with Workforce Planning: 

DHS reported to us that it maintains and tracks attrition data for 
workforce monitoring and planning on agencywide and component-specific 
bases. The data that DHS maintains include breakdowns by separation 
type, average age, grade, gender, minority status, disability status, 
and other categories used to better understand attrition 
departmentwide. DHS provided its 2005-2008 Workforce Plan, which has 
information on succession planning by component. DHS also reported that 
it has a Workforce Planning Council that uses attrition data for 
various metrics including as a primary mechanism with regard to the 
President's Management Agenda.[Footnote 14] In addition, several 
components--U.S. Coast Guard, CBP, Citizenship and Immigration Service, 
Immigration and Customs Enforcement, TSA, the Preparedness Directorate, 
Office of the Inspector General, U.S. Secret Service, and FEMA-- 
reported that they separately assess attrition for their workforces. 

As we have reported, workforce planning is a key component to 
maintaining a workforce that can accomplish its mission.[Footnote 15] 
Strategic workforce planning focuses on developing and implementing the 
long-term strategies--clearly linked to an organization's mission and 
programmatic goals--for acquiring, developing, and retaining employees. 
Collecting data on attrition rates and the reasons for attrition are 
important to workforce planning. These data can be analyzed to identify 
gaps between an organization's current and future workforce needs, 
which can in turn become the basis for developing strategies to build a 
workforce that meets future needs. 

We also reported that, in addition to attrition data, collecting 
information on why employees leave is useful for workforce 
planning.[Footnote 16] As we have noted, collection and analysis of 
data on the reasons for attrition (the type of information collected 
through exit surveys) could help agencies minimize the lost investment 
in training, particularly when new employees resign. 

One approach to collecting such data is through exit surveys of 
employees who leave the agency. Of DHS's components, 7 currently use 
independently developed exit surveys; 4 use an exit survey developed by 
DHS's Chief Human Capital Office (CHCO); 1 component has an exit survey 
under development; and 1 does not use an exit survey. The seven 
components currently administering their own exit surveys are: 

* FEMA; 

* Office of the Inspector General; 

* TSA; 

* U.S. Coast Guard; 

* CBP: 

* U.S. Secret Service; and: 

* U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. 

The four components using the exit survey developed by CHCO are: 

* DHS Headquarters; 

* Domestic Nuclear Detection Office; 

* Science and Technology Directorate; and: 

* US-VISIT. 

An exit survey is under development at the Federal Law Enforcement 
Training Center and U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Service does not 
use an exit survey. In general, the exit surveys request title, tenure, 
grade, race/ethnicity, type of separation (e.g., voluntary, 
involuntary, retirement, etc.), reason for leaving, and future 
intentions for employment. 

DHS components are not currently required to report any information 
obtained from their exit surveys to DHS Headquarters. DHS officials in 
CHCO told us that they were evaluating whether to have all components 
use a single agencywide survey or to require all components to report 
certain information about departed employees to headquarters through a 
required report. The officials stated that they are developing a 
required report that components could populate with exit survey 
information that will be rolled out in the first quarter of fiscal year 
2008. Officials noted that the components each have unique 
circumstances and it might be more effective to allow them to continue 
to use their own surveys, reporting certain common elements to DHS 
through the required report. 

DHS Makes Use of Various Human Capital Flexibilities for Recruitment 
and Retention and Most Officials We Surveyed Rated Them as "Very 
Effective" 

In fiscal years 2005 and 2006, DHS made use of various human capital 
flexibilities that the federal government has implemented over recent 
years to recruit and retain employees. Individual and group cash awards 
and the FCIP were used most frequently. Most DHS component officials we 
surveyed rated the flexibilities we reviewed as very effective for 
recruitment and retention and reported a desire to make greater use of 
flexibilities (see app. IV for more information). DHS is developing 
plans to advance its use of human capital flexibilities. 

DHS Uses Various Human Capital Flexibilities: 

In fiscal years 2005 and 2006, DHS made use of various human capital 
flexibilities that are available to federal agencies. We have 
previously reported that the effective, efficient, and transparent use 
of human capital flexibilities must be a key component of agency 
efforts to address human capital challenges.[Footnote 17] To help 
agencies use flexibilities to address human capital challenges such as 
recruitment and retention, OPM has developed a handbook describing the 
available human capital flexibilities. For purposes of this report, we 
did not examine all human capital flexibilities available to DHS, which 
are reflected in the OPM handbook. Rather, we examined the 
flexibilities reported in the CPDF (which includes a record of each 
time an agency uses these flexibilities). Additionally, for the 
purposes of this report, we established three categories for the 
flexibilities we examined; (1) flexibilities involving DHS's 
recruitment of new employees, (2) flexibilities involving DHS's 
retention of current employees, and (3) flexibilities involving 
recruitment of new employees and/or retention of current employees. 
Tables 2, 3, and 4 describe the relevant flexibilities. 

Table 2: Flexibilities Involving DHS's Recruitment of New Employees: 

Recruitment incentive; 
A monetary payment to a newly-hired employee when the agency has 
determined that the position is likely to be difficult to fill in the 
absence of such an incentive. In return, the employee must sign an 
agreement to fulfill a period of service with the agency of not less 
than 6 months and not more than 4 years. 

Direct hire authority; 
A special authority that expedites hiring by eliminating competitive 
rating and ranking, veterans' preference, and "rule of three" 
procedures. 

Veterans recruitment authority; 
A special authority that expedites hiring by allowing an agency to 
appoint an eligible veteran without competition. 

Student career experience programs; 
Provides federal employment opportunities to students who are enrolled 
or accepted for enrollment as degree seeking students taking at least a 
half time course load. Provides work experience, which is directly 
related to the student's academic program and career goals. Students 
may be noncompetitively converted to term, career, or career-
conditional appointments following completion of their academic and 
work experience requirements. 

Federal Career Intern Program; 
Typically individuals are appointed to a 2-year internship. Upon 
successful completion of the internships, the interns may be 
noncompetitively converted to a permanent position. This program is for 
applicants placed into a 2-year training program whether or not the 
applicant was enrolled in an educational institution at the time of 
application. 

Superior Qualifications Rate; 
A rate of basic pay for a newly-hired employee at a rate above the 
minimum rate of the appropriate GS grade because of (1) the superior 
qualifications of the candidate or (2) a special need of the agency for 
the candidate's services. 

Source: GAO analysis of OPM data. 

[End of table] 

Table 3: Flexibilities Involving DHS's Retention of Employees: 

Quality step increase; 
A step increase to reward General Schedule employees at all grade 
levels who display high quality performance. It is a step increase that 
is given sooner than the normal time interval for step increases. 

Individual and group cash award; 
A monetary award to recognize superior employee and group performance 
(also known as "spot" awards). 

Individual and group suggestion/Invention award; 
A monetary award for suggestions, inventions, or a productivity gain. 

Individual and group time-off award; 
An award of time-off to recognize superior employee and group 
performance. 

Retention incentive; 
A monetary payment given to a current employee when the agency 
determines that the unusually high or unique qualifications of the 
employee or a special need of the agency for the employee's services 
makes it essential to retain the employee and if the employee would be 
likely to leave the federal service in the absence of a retention 
incentive. 

Source: GAO analysis of OPM data. 

[End of table] 

Table 4: Flexibilities Involving DHS's Retention of Employees and/or 
Recruitment of New Employees: 

Special Rate or Critical Position Pay; 
A special rate is a rate of basic pay for employees in hard to fill or 
retain occupations nationwide or in specific locations. Critical 
position pay is a rate of pay greater than would otherwise be payable 
for the employee's position because the position has been designated 
critical. 

Student Loan Repayment; 
The federal student loan repayment program permits agencies to repay 
federally insured student loans as a recruitment or retention incentive 
for candidates or current employees of the agency. 

Foreign Language Award; 
A monetary award paid as a recruitment or retention incentive for law 
enforcement agents with foreign language skills. 

Relocation Incentive; 
A monetary payment to a current employee who must relocate to a 
position in a different geographic area that is likely to be difficult 
to fill in the absence of such an incentive. In return, the employee 
must sign an agreement to fulfill a period of service of not more than 
4 years with the agency. 

Reemployed annuitant waiver; 
A waiver given to rehired retired federal employees that exempts them 
from the offset or loss of their pension in order to meet temporary 
emergency hiring needs or when the agency has encountered exceptional 
difficulty in recruiting or retaining a qualified candidate for a 
particular position. 

Source: GAO analysis of OPM data. 

[End of table] 

Our analysis of CPDF data indicated that in fiscal years 2005 and 2006, 
DHS made use of all the flexibilities we reviewed, with the exception 
of student loan repayments. However, data maintained by DHS officials 
indicated that DHS used the student loan repayment 18 times in 2005 and 
13 times in 2006.[Footnote 18] Officials from seven component offices 
told us that they would have liked to use the student loan repayment, 
but were unable to do so for reasons such as a lack of funding, not 
having written policies and procedures in place to enable them to use 
student loan repayments, or managers not being aware of the 
flexibility. (See app. IV, tables 13 and 14, for more detail on DHS's 
use of flexibilities in fiscal years 2005 and 2006. See app. IV, table 
21, for component responses regarding which flexibilities they would 
have liked to have used more often and why they did not use them.) 

DHS Most Frequently Used Individual and Group Cash Awards and the 
Federal Career Intern Program: 

Awards Used as Retention Tools: 

Our analysis of DHS's use of retention flexibilities indicated that in 
fiscal years 2005 and 2006, DHS used individual and group cash awards 
more often than other flexibilities involving retention, though 
components differed as to how frequently they used awards. The rate at 
which DHS used these flexibilities increased from 2005 to 2006. 
Specifically, in fiscal year 2005, DHS gave individual or group cash 
awards about 62 times per 100 permanent employees. In fiscal year 2006, 
the cash award rate more than doubled to 161 awards per 100 permanent 
employees (see table 5). In comparison, the median rate for all 
executive departments was 83 awards per 100 permanent employees (see 
app. IV, table 19). 

Table 5: Number of Times DHS Used Flexibilities Related to Retention 
per 100 Permanent Employees: 

Fiscal year 2005; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 62.46; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 24.42; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0.02; 
Quality Step Increase: 0.81; 
Retention Incentive: 0.16. 

Fiscal year 2006; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 161.40; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 20.08; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0.01; 
Quality Step Increase: 0.66; 
Retention Incentive: 0.93. 

Source: GAO analysis of CPDF data. 

[End of table] 

Between fiscal years 2005 and 2006, 7 of 13 components increased the 
frequency at which they gave individual and group cash awards per 100 
permanent employees, 3 gave approximately the same number of awards, 
and 3 decreased the rate of awards (see fig. 5). TSA, in particular, 
greatly increased the rate at which it gave individual and group cash 
awards, making about 98 awards per 100 permanent employees in fiscal 
year 2005 and about 301 per 100 in fiscal year 2006.[Footnote 19] The 
median award amount for individual and group cash awards for all of DHS 
in fiscal year 2006 was $500. The median amounts awarded ranged from a 
low at TSA of $400 to a high of $2,250 at US-VISIT. For additional 
information regarding DHS's use of human capital flexibilities for 
permanent employees see appendix IV, tables 15, 17, and 19. 

Figure 5: Frequency with Which DHS Components Used Individual or Group 
Cash Awards per 100 Employees during Fiscal Years 2005 and 2006: 

[See PDF for image] 

Source: GAO analysis of CPDF data. 

Note: We counted only one award per day, per person for each type of 
award; some unknown number of employees might have received more than 
one award per day, per type. 

[End of figure] 

Federal Career Intern Program Used as Recruitment Tool: 

Our analysis of DHS's use of recruitment flexibilities showed that in 
fiscal years 2005 and 2006, DHS used the FCIP more than any other as a 
recruitment tool, as compared to the number of new permanent hires. 
This program is for applicants placed into a 2-year training program 
whether or not the applicant was enrolled in an educational institution 
at the time of application. Upon completion of the internship, the 
interns may be noncompetitively converted to a permanent position. 
DHS's use of FCIP increased from 15.5 percent of new hires in 2005 to 
22.5 percent of new hires in 2006 (see table 6). 

Table 6: Percent of New Permanent Hires for Which DHS Used 
Flexibilities Related to Recruitment: 

Fiscal year 2005; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0.94; 
FCIP: 15.51; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0.49; 
SCEP: 0.30; 
Superior Qualifications: 1.20; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0.49. 

Fiscal year 2006; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0.79; 
FCIP: 22.48; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0.10; 
SCEP: 0.41; 
Superior Qualifications: 1.04; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0.35. 

Source: GAO analysis of CPDF data. 

[End of table] 

Though for all of DHS FCIP was the most frequently used human capital 
flexibility related to recruitment, only 4 of 13 components accounted 
for over 99 percent of FCIP use in fiscal years 2005 and 2006. In 
particular, CBP used FCIP for about 80 percent of new permanent hires 
in fiscal year 2005 and 87 percent in 2006, and ICE used FCIP for about 
28 percent of new hires in fiscal year 2005 and 50 percent in fiscal 
year 2006 (see fig. 6). According to DHS officials the FCIP is uniquely 
situated to positions with high training requirements. Such positions 
include CBP border patrol agents and ICE immigration enforcement 
agents. 

Figure 6: Percent of New Hires for Which DHS Components Used FCIP: 

[See PDF for image] 

Source: GAO analysis of CPDF data. 

[End of figure] 

For additional information regarding DHS's use of human capital 
flexibilities compared to the number of permanent new hires, see 
appendix IV, tables 16, 18, and 20. 

Most DHS Components Rated Human Capital Flexibilities as "Very 
Effective" for Recruitment and Retention and Reported Interest in 
Making Greater Use of Human Capital Flexibilities: 

In response to our survey, DHS human capital officials at all of the 14 
components[Footnote 20] rated the majority of the flexibilities their 
components used as "very effective" for purposes of recruitment and 
officials at 10 of the 14 components rated the majority of 
flexibilities used as "very effective" for purposes of retention. 
Analysis of their survey responses indicated that they found the use of 
superior qualifications pay most effective for recruiting new 
employees, and quality step increases, retention incentives, and 
individual and group cash awards most effective for retaining 
employees. (See app. IV, figs. 7 and 8, for the components' responses 
regarding the effectiveness of human capital flexibilities.) 

Officials at 12 of the 14 components told us that there were instances 
in 2005 when they would have liked to make greater use of human capital 
flexibilities. They cited a lack of funding and/or federal rules and 
regulations regarding specific flexibilities as the primary reasons for 
not using them more often. For example, officials from TSA, the U.S. 
Secret Service, ICE, U.S. Coast Guard, and US-VISIT, said there were 
instances in fiscal year 2005 when they would have liked to use student 
loan repayments, but that they lacked the necessary funding to do so. 
We did not assess the adequacy of funding levels. There were also 
instances in fiscal year 2005 when officials from FLETC, the U.S. Coast 
Guard, ICE, U.S. Secret Service, US-VISIT, FEMA, and DHS Headquarters 
and the Management Directorate said they would have liked to use the 
direct hire authority, but were prevented from doing so by federal 
rules that limited the job series for which they could use direct hire 
authority. See appendix IV, table 21, for the components' responses 
regarding which flexibilities they would have liked to use more often. 

DHS Plans to Enhance the Use of Some Human Capital Flexibilities in 
Order to Improve Recruitment and Retention: 

DHS has plans to enhance the use of some human capital flexibilities as 
part of its effort to meet strategic human capital goals, such as 
improving the hiring process and implementing robust human capital 
programs. For example, to improve DHS-wide hiring practices, DHS plans 
to develop education and communication tools to promote hiring 
flexibilities and contemporary hiring processes for human resource 
professionals and managers by July 31, 2007. Also, as part of a DHS- 
wide retention initiative, DHS intends to communicate and educate human 
resource professionals and managers on the use of retention incentives 
and work-life programs by July 31, 2007. By August 31, 2007, DHS 
intends to use the FCIP in occupations such as finance, human resource 
and acquisitions, as part of its efforts to create learning and 
development programs for DHS employees. 

At TSA, where, as we have reported, the highest rates of attrition have 
occurred, other efforts are under way to enhance retention. For 
example, in August 2006, TSA began implementing a Career Progression 
Program for TSOs. The program includes new pay bands in an attempt to 
broaden career opportunities for Security Officers. According to TSA, 
the purpose of the Career Progression Program is to (1) ensure 
increased focus on technical proficiency; (2) establish career path 
options for TSO's for recruiting and retention improvement; and (3) 
enhance motivation of employees, leading to improved morale, 
attendance, and performance. 

DHS IPAs and Personal Services Contracts Were in Place Primarily for 
Program Managers and Subject Matter Experts: 

Distribution of IPAs and Personal Services Contracts: 

Text box: 

Intergovernmental Personnel Act: 

The IPA is designed to facilitate the temporary hiring of skilled 
personnel or specialists to and from federal entities, state and local 
governments, colleges and universities, Indian tribal governments, and 
other eligible organizations. Such assignments may be used to achieve 
objectives such as assisting the transfer and use of new technologies 
by the federal government. DHS retains individuals through IPAs under a 
2-year agreement that can be renewed once for 2 additional years, 
consistent with OPM regulations. 

Personal Services Contracts: 

Federal agencies are normally required to obtain employees through 
competitive appointment or other procedures established in the civil 
service laws. However, certain agencies have specific statutory 
authority to utilize personal services contracts, which create an 
employer-employee relationship between the agency and the contactor’s 
personnel. These agencies are prohibited from awarding a personal 
services contract for inherently governmental functions. Under DHS 
policy, obtaining personal services by contract is possible, provided 
the duties are of a temporary nature or in response to an urgent need 
and if DHS personnel with necessary skills are not available, the 
contract will not fill a staffing shortage, an excepted appointment 
cannot be obtained, and a non-personal services contract is not 
practicable. 

[End of text box] 

As of September 30, 2006, a total of 36 IPA agreements were in place at 
DHS--roughly half (17) located in DHS's Science and Technology 
Directorate (S&T). In addition, 61 personal services contracts were in 
place, with most in CBP (36) and U.S. Coast Guard (24). Tables 7 and 8 
show the distribution of IPAs and personal services contracts in these 
and other components. 

Table 7: IPA Agreements in DHS as of September 30, 2006: 

Component or office: Domestic Nuclear Detection Office; 
Total number of agreements: 4. 

Component or office: Office of Intelligence Analysis; 
Total number of agreements: 2. 

Component or office: Office of Policy; 
Total number of agreements: 1. 

Component or office: Office of Preparedness; 
Total number of agreements: 11. 

Component or office: Science and Technology Directorate; 
Total number of agreements: 17. 

Component or office: CBP; 
Total number of agreements: 1. 

Component or office: Total; 
Total number of agreements: 36. 

Source: DHS. 

[End of table] 

Table 8: Personal Services Contracts in DHS as of September 30, 2006: 

Component or office: Office of Preparedness; 
Total number of contracts: 1. 

Component or office: CBP; 
Total number of contracts: 36. 

Component or office: U.S. Coast Guard; 
Total number of contracts: 24. 

Component or office: Total; 
Total number of contracts: 61. 

Source: DHS. 

[End of table] 

Most IPA individuals at DHS working in S&T were performing program 
manager functions and duties. For example, a program manager in one DHS 
office had responsibility for strategic, technical resource planning 
and execution of short and long range programmatic goals, as well as 
the evaluation of emerging technologies for potential insertion into 
assigned programs. A review of the DHS justifications for hiring these 
individuals indicated that they were considered to have senior 
technical, management, and operational expertise--qualifications 
considered essential for effective operations. The home organization or 
institutions of many of the individuals working at S&T were national 
laboratories and universities. See appendix V, table 22, for additional 
details. 

Over half of the personal services contracts at DHS were located in 
CBP, to contract with individuals for personal services abroad. CBP 
entered into these contracts for a variety of services such as to 
validate security compliance for the Customs-Trade Partnership Against 
Terrorism program and for technical advisor services in a number of 
overseas locations. The remaining personal services contracts were 
located mostly at the U.S. Coast Guard for a variety of medical 
services; with one additional personal services contract entered into 
by DHS HQ for a procurement analyst in the Office of Preparedness. (See 
app. V, table 23, for additional details.) 

Salary Ranges for IPAs and Contract Value for Personal Services 
Contracts: 

Salaries for IPAs across all DHS components, as of the end of fiscal 
year 2006, ranged from $48,000 to $248,000.[Footnote 21] The median 
salary of IPAs was $133,540. 

For personal services contracts, individual contract costs ranged from 
$315 for 1 contract for laboratory testing services to a total of $20.9 
million for 6 contracts for dental and other medical services. DHS 
officials noted that the contract value amounts represent total 
contract obligations and may reflect more than the salaries paid to 
individuals for services. See appendix V, table 23, for additional 
details. 

Authorities for IPAs and Personal Services Contracts: 

DHS has the authority to arrange the assignment of an employee of a 
state or local government to DHS for work of mutual concern to DHS and 
the state or local government.[Footnote 22] OPM provides agencies with 
guidance on IPAs that sets out the requirements for certification of 
the eligibility of participating organizations, requires a written 
agreement between all parties before an assignment can begin, and 
requires reporting of information requested by OPM.[Footnote 23] 

According to DHS officials, an ethics review is required for every IPA 
agreement, which includes filing a confidential or public financial 
disclosure report. In August 2006, the Office of Government Ethics 
published a final rule clarifying that assignees to an agency from a 
state, local government, or other organization under the IPA are 
covered by the Standards of Ethical Conduct for Executive Branch 
Employees. 

We discussed with DHS management controls, including policies and 
procedures in place to guard against conflict of interest. By law, any 
IPA individual on assignment to a federal agency, whether by 
appointment or on detail, is subject to a number of provisions 
governing the ethical and other conduct of federal employees. Officials 
told us that a DHS agency-wide policy to ensure the appropriateness of 
these agreements was awaiting final approval as of July 2007. They said 
the draft policy requires a conflict of interest briefing, completion 
of a financial disclosure form, and attendance at a required ethics 
briefing. The draft DHS-wide policy further states that a DHS 
designated agency ethics official and ethics officials of component 
chief counsel offices provide incoming IPA assignees with an ethics 
briefing on the conflict of interests statutes, the ethical standards 
of conduct, and the Hatch Act to which individuals will be subject upon 
their assignment.[Footnote 24] 

In the meantime, DHS implemented a draft management directive to 
establish the agency's policy on temporary assignments of personnel 
between the federal government and state or local governments, 
institutions of higher education, Indian tribal governments, and other 
eligible organizations under the IPA program. The directive applies to 
all DHS components. DHS officials noted that every IPA agreement is 
reviewed by the specific office or component hiring the individual. DHS 
officials also noted that because S&T seeks IPA individuals with 
subject matter expertise and highly specialized skills in very specific 
areas, it developed more detailed guidance for its management officials 
effective May 2007. In a past GAO report, we reported on our 
examination of management controls established within S&T to help guard 
against conflicts of interest for IPA portfolio managers, since a 
portion of S&T research funds have gone to the national 
laboratories.[Footnote 25] 

DHS was given personal services contracting authority in the Homeland 
Security Act (HSA).[Footnote 26] With the exception of TSA, all DHS 
components are subject to the Federal Acquisition Regulation, the 
Homeland Security Acquisition Regulation, and the Homeland Security 
Acquisition Manual, which provide guidance on the use of personal 
services contracts. TSA retained separate authority to engage in 
personal services contracts that derives from the Federal Aviation 
Administration's procurement flexibilities. The FAA Acquisition 
Management System provides guidance on TSA's use of personal services 
contracts. CBP also has specific authority from the DHS annual 
appropriations acts and the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 to enter 
into personal services contracts outside the United States.[Footnote 
27] Pursuant to 10 U.S.C. §1091, the U.S. Coast Guard is specifically 
authorized to award medical personal services contracts. This authority 
does not apply to DHS civilian entities. 

According to DHS officials, there is no requirement that personal 
services contracts be submitted to DHS headquarters for review or 
approval. Instead, the contracts are negotiated and administered at the 
component level. A "determination and findings" may be completed by the 
contracting officer for each contract that specifies why the personal 
services contract is necessary. The contracting officer assigned to 
oversee the contract is responsible for reviewing the determination and 
findings. DHS regulations also require a legal review of personal 
services contracts that is to be performed by the components' General 
Counsel. 

DHS Complied with the Tenure Provisions of the Vacancies Reform Act, 
but Did Not Always Comply with the Act's Reporting Requirements and Did 
Not Implement All Necessary Management Controls: 

From its inception in March 2003 through April 2007, DHS did not 
violate the Vacancies Reform Act's 210-day tenure limit for acting 
officials. However, during that same period there were three occasions 
where DHS violated the act's requirement to immediately report 
vacancies for presidentially appointed, Senate-confirmed positions to 
the Congress and Comptroller General. In addition, DHS has only four of 
the five management controls in place that we identified in past work 
as essential for ensuring compliance with the Vacancies Reform Act. 

DHS Has Complied with the 210-Day Tenure Provision of the Vacancies 
Reform Act: 

Our analysis indicated that, from its inception in March 2003 through 
April 2007, DHS had complied with the 210-day tenure provision of the 
act. The act limits the tenure of acting officials to 210 days. Acting 
officials at DHS had filled 16 positions subject to the act; in each 
instance the acting official discontinued service or the President sent 
a nomination to the Senate within the required 210 days. 

DHS Has Not Consistently Met Reporting Requirements of the Act: 

Our analysis indicated that on three separate occasions DHS did not 
meet the reporting requirements of the act. The act requires agencies 
to immediately report actions related to vacancies in PAS positions to 
the Congress and us, so that we can monitor compliance with the tenure 
provision. DHS did not comply with the reporting requirement for 3 of 
the 16 vacancies between March 2003 and April 2007. In 2003, DHS failed 
to report a Deputy Secretary vacancy. In 2005, DHS failed to report 
both a vacancy for the Assistant Secretary at ICE and a vacancy in CBP 
for the Customs Commissioner. DHS complied with the tenure provisions 
of the act in these three instances. 

DHS Has in Place Four of Five Management Controls Necessary to Ensure 
Compliance with the Vacancies Reform Act: 

In previous work, we identified five management controls essential to 
ensure compliance with the act.[Footnote 28] The five management 
controls are as follows: 

1. Agencies should clearly identify the offices responsible for 
compliance with each requirement of the act and any other offices that 
will assist by providing information. 

2. Staff that play a role in compliance with the act should communicate 
frequently with each other. 

3. The agency should prepare and maintain a list of the first 
assistants for each of its PAS positions.[Footnote 29] 

4. Agencies should make career employees responsible for compliance 
with the act. 

5. Agencies should document their Vacancies Reform Act procedures. 

DHS has had four of these five management controls in place. First, DHS 
met the management control to clearly identify the offices responsible 
for compliance with each requirement of the act. Specifically, DHS's 
General Counsel officials told us that DHS has identified the Office of 
General Counsel and, in particular, the General Law Division, as having 
sole responsibility for DHS's compliance with the act. Second, DHS met 
the management control that staff that play a role in compliance with 
the act should communicate frequently with each other. For example, 
though officials from the General Law division have sole responsibility 
for compliance, officials told us that they also learn of relevant 
information from other components on an informal basis. Additionally, 
General Law Division staff have frequent contact with the DHS White 
House Liaison. Third, DHS has developed lists of first assistants and 
DHS officials told us that they keep the list up-to-date. Finally, DHS 
officials told us that the employees doing the work associated with the 
act's compliance are career employees; therefore, DHS met the fourth 
management control to make career employees responsible for compliance 
with the act. 

DHS did not meet the fifth management control of having documented 
policies and procedures. According to DHS officials, DHS does not have 
formally documented procedures for compliance with the Vacancies Reform 
Act. We previously reported that documented procedures are a basic 
management control mechanism that can help ensure that when DHS staff 
attorneys responsible for ensuring DHS's compliance with the Vacancies 
Reform Act leave or are reassigned; those who replace them will have 
established guidelines to follow.[Footnote 30] During the course of our 
work, DHS did in fact reassign responsibility for the act from one 
attorney to another. According to DHS officials, to prepare for this 
transition, an informal outline about compliance was provided. However, 
formal documented procedures rather than informal notes or outlines 
might better prepare a replacement to meet the act's requirements in a 
timely manner. 

Conclusions: 

In the 4 years since its creation as a cabinet-level agency, DHS has 
faced significant challenges related to transforming numerous legacy 
agencies and developing and implementing new strategies and programs 
for making the nation more secure. We understand that this has not been 
an easy task, and the challenges of recruiting, hiring, and retaining 
the right mix of individuals to carry the department's mission forward 
has contributed to the complexities facing DHS. Although DHS has 
efforts under way to attract and retain needed resources, the agency 
must continue its efforts to achieve an optimum human capital 
management strategy if it is to be successful in meeting its mission 
and goals. 

DHS staff attorneys have not used formal written guidance describing 
compliance-related procedures that must be followed to meet the 
reporting requirements of the Vacancies Reform Act. Such written 
documentation is important for ensuring that staff attorneys and others 
can meet the tenure and reporting requirements of the act in the 
future. 

Recommendation for Executive Action: 

To help ensure compliance with the requirements of the Vacancies Reform 
Act, we recommend that the Secretary of the Department of Homeland 
Security instruct the DHS Office of General Counsel to develop written 
policies and procedures that clearly explain the duties of officials 
responsible for ensuring compliance with the act and how they are to 
carry out those duties. 

Agency Comments: 

We provided a draft of this report to DHS for review and comment. DHS 
provided written comments on July 9, 2007, which are presented in 
appendix VI. 

We are sending copies of this report to the appropriate congressional 
committees; the Secretary of Homeland Security; and other interested 
parties. In additional, this report will be available at no charge on 
the GAO Web site at http://www.gao.gov. 

If you or your staff have any questions about this report, please 
contact me at 202-512-2757 or GoldenkoffR@gao.gov. Contact points for 
our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs may be found 
on the last page of this report. Key contributors to this report are 
listed in appendix VII. 

Signed by: 

Robert Goldenkoff: 
Acting Director, Homeland Security and Justice Issues: 

[End of section] 

Appendix I: Scope and Methodology: 

For the attrition rate calculations, we analyzed data from the Office 
of Personnel Management's (OPM) Central Personnel Data File (CPDF) for 
fiscal years 2005 and 2006. We included personnel with database codes 
that: 

* Identified them as permanent employees, whether full-or part-time. 

* Indicated that they had separated from their agency of employment 
through resignation or transfer to another agency. 

We did not include a small percentage (<1%) of individuals with 
inconsistent data such as multiple separations on a single day. The 
small percentage of employees with inconsistent data is congruent with 
the generally reliable data in the CPDF we have reported previously. 
See GAO, OPM's Central Personnel Data File: Data Appear Sufficiently 
Reliable to Meet Most Customer Needs, GAO/GGD-98-199 (Washington, D.C.: 
September 1998). 

To calculate the rates for each fiscal year, we divided the total 
number of separations from each agency or Department of Homeland 
Security (DHS) component by the average of the number of permanent 
employees in the CPDF as of the last pay period of the fiscal year 
before the fiscal year of the separations and the number of permanent 
employees in the CPDF as of the last pay period of the fiscal year of 
separations. To place the overall attrition rates for DHS and its 
component agencies in context, we compared DHS's rates to those for 
employees in other cabinet-level agencies. We did not make judgments as 
to what effect, if any, the attrition of permanent employees had on 
DHS. 

To determine the attrition rate for senior-level employees, we analyzed 
CPDF data to identify all personnel coded as presidentially appointed 
or senior executive service employees. We then followed the same 
procedure described above focusing on this subset of individuals. The 
CPDF records actions pertaining to individuals rather than positions. 
As a result, it was possible to determine senior-level attrition, but 
not the history of positions. To determine the history of positions 
(when vacant and filled), we obtained monthly hardcopy printouts from 
DHS's Senior Executive Resources Database (August 2005-February 2007). 
The usefulness of the DHS data was limited in that position titles and 
organizational components within DHS and its component agencies changed 
frequently, making it impossible to accurately follow the status of all 
positions over time and we did not assess its reliability. As a result, 
we were unable to use these data and, therefore, unable to report on 
the history of vacancies in specific senior-level positions. 

To obtain information on possible challenges that DHS might face in 
filling senior-level vacancies at the Senior Executive Service (SES) 
level, for this engagement we developed a self-report telephone survey 
and administered it to human capital officials from DHS headquarters 
and each component. We also spoke with DHS and component officials to 
determine what guidance they used in filling SES positions and what 
efforts they made to determine why individuals leave. Since 
presidential appointments are not made by DHS, we did not speak with 
DHS officials with regard to how these appointments are filled, or any 
related challenges. We did not make judgments as to how senior-level 
attrition or challenges in filling SES positions might affect DHS; 
assess the adequacy of the data that DHS and its components collect on 
attrition and the reasons for attrition; or the use of it in resulting 
workforce planning efforts. We did not assess the factors that account 
for the differences between the rates of attrition among DHS components 
or between the rates of attrition at DHS and other cabinet-level 
departments; some rates might be due to factors beyond the control of 
DHS or its components. 

To gather information on DHS's use of human capital flexibilities, as 
well as that of other cabinet-level departments, we first developed a 
list of flexibilities by reviewing past GAO reports, OPM documentation, 
and the CPDF. We used CPDF data to calculate the number of occasions on 
which these flexibilities were administered in fiscal years 2005 and 
2006. Specifically, we compared the number of times DHS used individual 
and group cash awards; individual and group time-off awards; individual 
and group suggestion/invention awards; quality step increases; and 
retention incentives, to the number of permanent employees at DHS. We 
also compared the number of times DHS used direct hire authority, FCIP, 
recruitment incentive, Student Career Experience Program, superior 
qualifications rate and veterans' recruitment authority to the number 
of new permanent hires. In addition, we reviewed the number of times 
DHS used relocation incentives, special rate or critical position pay, 
student loan repayment, and foreign language award. We also compared 
DHS's use of flexibilities to other federal agencies. Finally, we 
developed a self-report telephone survey and administered it to DHS 
headquarters' and components' officials, to gather information on the 
use and perceived effectiveness of the flexibilities, as well as 
information on possible impediments to increased use. We did not assess 
whether DHS used flexibilities appropriately or not. Additionally, we 
did not make judgments as to how the use or non-use of human capital 
flexibilities might affect DHS or assess the appropriateness of DHS's 
use of any specific human capital flexibilities, the reasons officials 
provided for using or not using them, or the appropriateness of OPM's 
rules. We did not assess the factors that account for the differences 
between the rates that DHS components used flexibilities or between the 
rates DHS and other cabinet-level departments used flexibilities; 
some rates might be due to factors beyond the control of DHS or its 
components. 

We believe that the CPDF data are sufficiently reliable for the 
purposes of this study. Regarding the CPDF, we have previously reported 
that governmentwide data from the CPDF for most of the key variables 
used in this study were 97 percent or more accurate.[Footnote 31] For 
other variables used in this study, we have tested CPDF data and found 
them sufficiently reliable to indicate the extent of occurrence. 

To gather information on how and to what extent DHS utilizes the 
Intergovernmental Personnel Act (IPA), we met with officials in the 
following DHS headquarters' offices: Human Capital and General Counsel. 
We reviewed data provided to us by DHS for IPAs in place throughout DHS 
as of September 30, 2006. We also obtained and reviewed relevant 
policies and procedures related to IPAs, including those related to 
internal controls over such arrangements. We did not evaluate the 
appropriateness of the individual IPA arrangements or the effectiveness 
of related management controls and we did not make judgments regarding 
how the use of IPA's might affect DHS. 

To gather information on how and to what extent DHS utilizes personal 
services contracts, we met with officials in DHS Headquarters Chief 
Procurement Office. We requested and reviewed data pertaining to all 
personal services contracts in place throughout DHS as of September 30, 
2006. We reviewed documents provided to us by DHS for personal services 
contracts, including those related to internal controls over such 
contractual arrangements. We did not evaluate the appropriateness of 
these contractual arrangements or the effectiveness of related 
management controls and we did not make judgments regarding how the use 
of personal service contracts might affect DHS. 

We assessed the reliability of information supplied pertaining to IPA 
agreements and personal services contracts by interviewing agency 
officials knowledgeable about the data, and determined that the data 
were sufficiently reliable for the purposes of this report. 

To determine DHS compliance with the Vacancies Reform Act, we reviewed 
the act and reviewed information contained in our Executive Vacancy 
Database. Additionally, to resolve possible discrepancies between 
information maintained by DHS and information in our database, we met 
with DHS officials to discuss how DHS collects and verifies the 
accuracy of data that it sends to us, for inclusion in the Executive 
Vacancy Database. We also discussed with officials what management 
controls are in place to ensure compliance with the Vacancies Reform 
Act. 

We performed our work from September 2006 to June 2007 in accordance 
with generally accepted government auditing standards. 

[End of section] 

Appendix II: DHS Component Agencies: 

Within OPM's Central Personnel Data File, the following were listed as 
component agencies of DHS, as of September 30, 2006: 

* DHS Headquarters: 

* U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services: 

* U.S. Customs and Border Protection: 

* U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement: 

* Domestic Nuclear Detection Office: 

* Federal Emergency Management Agency: 

* Federal Law Enforcement Training Center: 

* Office of the Inspector General: 

* Office of the Under Secretary for Science and Technology: 

* Transportation Security Administration: 

* U.S. Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology: 

* U.S. Coast Guard: 

* U.S. Secret Service: 

The following were identified as components of DHS Headquarters within 
CPDF: 

* Assistant General Counsel Border and Transportation Security: 

* Assistant General Counsel Emergency Preparedness & Response: 

* Assistant General Counsel for Rules and Administration: 

* Assistant General Counsel General Law: 

* Assistant General Counsel Information Analysis and Infrastructure 
Protection: 

* Assistant General Counsel Science and Technology: 

* Board for Correction and Military Record: 

* Chief of Staff: 

* Citizenship and Immigration Services Ombudsman: 

* Deputy Chief for Intelligence: 

* Deputy Chief for Security Programs: 

* Deputy Chief of Intelligence: 

* Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations: 

* Deputy Chief of Staff for Policy: 

* DHS Headquarters: 

* Director Counternarcotics/USIC: 

* Director of Communications: 

* Director of Communications and Outreach: 

* Director of Internal Communications and Outreach: 

* Director of Legislative Operations/Management: 

* Director of Small and Disadvantaged Business Utilization: 

* Director of Speechwriting: 

* Director, Office of Counternarcotics Enforcement: 

* Executive Secretariat: 

* General Counsel Emergency Preparedness & Response: 

* Homeland Security Advisory Committee: 

* Homeland Security Labor Relations Board: 

* Immediate Office of the Deputy Secretary: 

* Immediate Office of the Secretary: 

* Incident Management Division: 

* National Capital Region Coordination: 

* National Programs Division: 

* Office for Domestic Preparedness: 

* Office of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties: 

* Office of General Counsel: 

* Office of International Affairs: 

* Office of Legislative Affairs: 

* Office of Operational Integration Staff: 

* Office of Public Affairs: 

* Office of Security: 

* Office of State and Local Affairs: 

* Office of State and Local Government Coordination: 

* Office of the Chief of Staff: 

* Office of the Director: 

* Office of the Privacy Officer: 

* Office of the Secretary: 

* Operations and Response Division: 

* Plans and Regional Policy Division: 

* Preparedness Division: 

* Press Secretary: 

* Resources and Requirements Division: 

* Senior Attorney Board for Correction and Military Record: 

* Shared Services: 

* Special Assistant to the Secretary-Private Sector: 

* State and Local Grant Division: 

* System Support Division: 

* Training Division: 

[End of section] 

Appendix III: Attrition: 

The following tables relate to attrition at cabinet-level departments, 
including DHS, and DHS component agencies. For this report, attrition 
is defined as resignation or transfer from the department of 
employment. Rates were calculated by dividing the sum of the 
resignations and transfers for a given year by the mean number of 
employees on the first and last day of that fiscal year. 

Table 9: Non-senior-level Attrition at Cabinet-Level Agencies, Fiscal 
Years 2005 & 2006: 

Cabinet-Level Agency: All cabinet-level agencies; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 4.0%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 1,551,333; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 45,019; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 16,647; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 3.9%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 1,550,721; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 45,200; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 15,827. 

Cabinet-Level Agency: Department of Agriculture; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 3.0%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 90,113; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 1,865; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 831; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 3.3%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 88,356; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 1,976; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 913. 

Cabinet-Level Agency: Department of Commerce; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 5.3%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 35,495; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 1,496; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 394; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 7.1%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 37,727; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 2,281; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 396. 

Cabinet-Level Agency: Department of Defense; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 3.7%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 626,759; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 13,939; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 9,511; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 3.7%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 632,459; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 14,823; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 8,882. 

Cabinet-Level Agency: Department of Justice; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 2.4%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 100,920; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 1,795; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 650; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 2.5%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 102,406; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 1,844; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 681. 

Cabinet-Level Agency: Department of Labor; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 3.0%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 15,116; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 295; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 165; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 3.6%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 14,828; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 350; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 185. 

Cabinet-Level Agency: Department of Energy; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 2.1%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 14,291; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 175; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 132; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 2.5%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 14,202; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 194; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 164. 

Cabinet-Level Agency: Department of Education; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 3.7%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 4,012; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 80; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 68; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 4.3%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 3,883; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 95; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 72. 

Cabinet-Level Agency: Department of Health and Human Services; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 2.3%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 52,112; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 1,036; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 176; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 2.5%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 52,850; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 1,110; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 201. 

Cabinet-Level Agency: Department of Homeland Security; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 8.4%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 136,951; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 9,697; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 1,791; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 7.1%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 138,037; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 8,353; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 1,507. 

Cabinet-Level Agency: Department of Housing and Urban Development; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 2.1%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 9,696; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 111; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 96; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 1.9%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 9,489; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 93; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 83. 

Cabinet-Level Agency: Department of Interior; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 3.5%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 60,460; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 1,348; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 784; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 3.7%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 59,001; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 1,422; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 737. 

Cabinet-Level Agency: Department of State; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 3.5%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 18,249; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 412; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 222; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 3.5%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 12,992; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 270; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 182. 

Cabinet-Level Agency: Department of Transportation; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 1.4%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 54,468; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 423; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 314; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 1.4%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 52,649; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 495; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 268. 

Cabinet-Level Agency: Department of Treasury; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 4.8%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 118,827; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 5,014; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 644; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 4.4%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 114,555; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 4,397; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 642. 

Cabinet-Level Agency: Department of Veteran Affairs; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 3.8%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 213,864; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 7,333; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 869; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 3.9%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 217,287; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 7,497; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 914. 

Source: GAO analysis of CPDF data. 

[End of table] 

Table 10: Non-senior-level Attrition at DHS Components, Fiscal Years 
2005 & 2006: 

DHS component agency: All Department of Homeland Security; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 8.4%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 136,951; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 9,697; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 1,791; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 7.1%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 138,037; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 8,353; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 1,507. 

DHS component agency: DHS Headquarters; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 8.8%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 567; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 15; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 35; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 11.1%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 898; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 37; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 63. 

DHS component agency: Domestic Nuclear Detection Office; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 13.5%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 422; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 27; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 30; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 6.0%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 619; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 16; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 21. 

DHS component agency: Federal Emergency Management Agency; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 3.0%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 2,264; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 29; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 39; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 4.2%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 2,224; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 39; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 54. 

DHS component agency: Federal Law Enforcement Training Center; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 2.5%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 848; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 6; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 15; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 1.5%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 918; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 4; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 10. 

DHS component agency: Office of the Inspector General; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 6.2%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 454; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 6; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 22; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 8.4%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 476; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 14; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 26. 

DHS component agency: Office of the Under Secretary for Science and 
Technology; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 2.8%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 141; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 3; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 1; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 8.5%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 188; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 7; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 9. 

DHS component agency: Transportation Security Administration; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 15.7%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 59,072; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 8,406; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 864; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 13.0%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 57,005; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 6,802; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 627. 

DHS component agency: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 2.7%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 6,713; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 114; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 67; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 3.0%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 7,247; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 132; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 82. 

DHS component agency: U.S. Coast Guard; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 4.8%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 6,675; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 155; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 164; 
[Empty]; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 4.5%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 7,030; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 167; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 151. 

DHS component agency: U.S. Customs and Border Protection; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 2.6%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 40,886; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 722; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 331; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 2.7%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 42,310; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 890; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 264. 

DHS component agency: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 2.1%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 14,082; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 141; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 149; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 2.1%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 14,035; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 165; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 129. 

DHS component agency: U.S. Secret Service; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 2.9%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 4,688; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 70; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 68; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 2.9%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 4,969; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 74; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 69. 

DHS component agency: U.S. Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator 
Technology; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 6.5%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 139; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 3; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 6; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 6.8%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 118; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 6; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 2. 

Source: GAO analysis of CPDF data. 

[End of table] 

Table 11: Senior-Level Attrition at Cabinet-Level Agencies, Fiscal 
Years 2005 and 2006: 

Cabinet-level agency: All cabinet-level agencies; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 7.0%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 5,668; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 276; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 123; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 6.0%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 5,744; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 203; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 139. 

Cabinet-level agency: Department of Agriculture; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 3.8%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 347; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 11; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 2; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 4.4%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 361; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 12; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 4. 

Cabinet-level agency: Department of Commerce; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 9.4%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 362; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 20; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 14; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 6.4%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 362; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 12; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 11. 

Cabinet-level agency: Department of Defense; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 4.4%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 1,187; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 30; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 22; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 4.3%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 1,221; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 19; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 34. 

Cabinet-level agency: Department of Justice; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 6.7%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 656; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 32; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 12; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 4.9%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 680; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 15; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 18. 

Cabinet-level agency: Department of Labor; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 6.4%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 187; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 6; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 6; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 7.1%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 184; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 6; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 7. 

Cabinet-level agency: Department of Energy; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 4.6%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 455; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 15; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 6; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 4.1%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 466; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 14; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 5. 

Cabinet-level agency: Department of Education; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 18.3%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 104; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 14; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 5; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 13.0%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 100; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 11; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 2. 

Cabinet-level agency: Department of Health and Human Services; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 6.7%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 387; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 21; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 5; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 3.3%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 400; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 10; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 3. 

Cabinet-level agency: Department of Homeland Security; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 14.4%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 445; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 48; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 16; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 12.8%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 454; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 44; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 14. 

Cabinet-level agency: Department of Housing and Urban Development; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 19.8%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 106; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 16; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 5; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 4.7%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 107; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 3; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 2. 

Cabinet-level agency: Department of Interior; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 3.0%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 271; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 6; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 2; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 5.9%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 272; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 10; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 6. 

Cabinet-level agency: Department of State; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 13.2%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 197; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 21; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 5; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 9.4%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 191; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 11; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 7. 

Cabinet-level agency: Department of Transportation; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 8.3%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 230; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 10; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 9; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 8.6%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 222; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 11; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 8. 

Cabinet-level agency: Department of Treasury; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 7.1%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 439; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 19; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 12; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 7.5%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 429; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 17; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 15. 

Cabinet-level agency: Department of Veteran Affairs; 
Fiscal year 2005: Attrition rate: 3.1%; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 295; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 7; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 2; 
Fiscal year 2006: Attrition rate: 3.7%; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 295; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 8; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 3. 

Source: GAO analysis of CPDF data. 

Note: Senior-level attrition is of those in senior executive service or 
presidentially appointed positions. Due to the method of calculation, 
the number of vacant and filled senior-level positions at DHS listed in 
this table will not match the number reported by DHS and listed on pp. 
14-15. See appendix I, scope and methodology, for more information 
about how these were calculated. 

[End of table] 

Table 12: Senior-Level Attrition at DHS Components, Fiscal Years 2005 
and 2006: 

DHS component agency: All Department of Homeland Security; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 445; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 48; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 16; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 454; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 44; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 14. 

DHS component agency: DHS Headquarters; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 56; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 15; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 4; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 62; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 12; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 5. 

DHS component agency: Domestic Nuclear Detection Office; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 8; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 3; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 0; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 15; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 1; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 1. 

DHS component agency: Federal Emergency Management Agency; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 34; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 1; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 3; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 34; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 5; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 2. 

DHS component agency: Federal Law Enforcement Training Center; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 7; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 0; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 0; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 8; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 0; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 0. 

DHS component agency: Office of the Inspector General; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 9; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 0; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 0; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 10; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 0; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 1. 

DHS component agency: Office of the Under Secretary for Science and 
Technology; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 10; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 1; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 2; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 8; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 3; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 1. 

DHS component agency: Transportation Security Administration; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 160; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 21; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 4; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 145; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 18; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 3. 

DHS component agency: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 16; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 2; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 0; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 17; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 0; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 0. 

DHS component agency: U.S. Coast Guard; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 8; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 0; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 0; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 8; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 0; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 0. 

DHS component agency: U.S. Customs and Border Protection; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 57; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 0; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 1; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 66; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 3; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 0. 

DHS component agency: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 32; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 2; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 2; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 34; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 2; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 0. 

DHS component agency: U.S. Secret Service; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 39; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 0; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 0; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 41; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 0; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 0. 

DHS component agency: U.S. Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator 
Technology; 
Fiscal year 2005: Population: 9; 
Fiscal year 2005: Resignations: 3; 
Fiscal year 2005: Transfers: 0; 
Fiscal year 2006: Population: 6; 
Fiscal year 2006: Resignations: 0; 
Fiscal year 2006: Transfers: 1. 

Source: GAO analysis of CPDF data. 

Note: Senior-level attrition is of those in SES or presidentially 
appointed positions. Due to the method of calculation, the number of 
vacant and filled senior-level positions at DHS listed in this table 
will not match the number reported by DHS and listed on pp. 14-15. See 
appendix I, scope and methodology, for more information about how these 
were calculated. 

[End of table] 

[End of section] 

Appendix IV: Human Capital Flexibilities: 

This appendix contains additional information on human capital 
flexibilities. Specifically, it includes information on the following: 

* The number of times DHS components used human capital flexibilities 
in 2005 and 2006 (tables 13 and 14); 

* The number of times per 100 employees that DHS used human capital 
flexibilities in 2005 and 2006 (tables 15 and 17); 

* The percentage of new hires for which DHS components used human 
capital flexibilities in 2005 and 2006 (tables 16 and 18); 

* Information on DHS's use of flexibilities compared to other executive 
branch agencies (tables 19 and 20); and: 

* Data from the GAO survey regarding how DHS human capital officials 
perceive the effectiveness of the flexibilities (figs. 7 and 8) and 
whether they would have liked to use the flexibilities more often 
(table 21). 

Table 13: Number of Times DHS Components Used Human Capital 
Flexibilities in Fiscal Year 2005: 

Component: All Department of Homeland Security; 
Recruitment Incentive: 76; 
Direct Hire Authority: 146; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 76; 
SCEP: 47; 
FCIP: 2,400; 
Retention Incentive: 223; 
Quality Step Increase: 1,108; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 85,536; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 31; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 33,448; 
Relocation Incentive: 47; 
Superior Qualification: 185; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 599; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 15; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 5,255. 

Component: DHS Headquarters; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
Direct Hire Authority: 3; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
SCEP: 1; 
FCIP: 2; 
Retention Incentive: 2; 
Quality Step Increase: 25; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 407; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 22; 
Relocation Incentive: 2; 
Superior Qualification: 30; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 0; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 0; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 1. 

Component: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
Direct Hire Authority: 25; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 2; 
SCEP: 3; 
FCIP: 0; 
Retention Incentive: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 511; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 3,294; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 2,536; 
Relocation Incentive: 0; 
Superior Qualification: 0; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 0; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 0; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 41. 

Component: U.S. Customs and Border Protection; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
Direct Hire Authority: 21; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 29; 
SCEP: 14; 
FCIP: 2,330; 
Retention Incentive: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 41; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 439; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 3,794; 
Relocation Incentive: 30; 
Superior Qualification: 0; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 0; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 9; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 2,055. 

Component: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement; 
Recruitment Incentive: 2; 
Direct Hire Authority: 1; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 14; 
SCEP: 0; 
FCIP: 51; 
Retention Incentive: 57; 
Quality Step Increase: 6; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 6,494; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 6,915; 
Relocation Incentive: 0; 
Superior Qualification: 0; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 536; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 1; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 2,594. 

Component: Defense Nuclear Detection Office; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
Direct Hire Authority: 95; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
SCEP: 0; 
FCIP: 0; 
Retention Incentive: 2; 
Quality Step Increase: 16; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 406; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 60; 
Relocation Incentive: 0; 
Superior Qualification: 69; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 0; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 1; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 5. 

Component: Federal Emergency Management Agency; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 1; 
SCEP: 0; 
FCIP: 0; 
Retention Incentive: 1; 
Quality Step Increase: 202; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 1,892; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 1,727; 
Relocation Incentive: 0; 
Superior Qualification: 3; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 0; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 2; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 81. 

Component: Federal Law Enforcement Training Center; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
Direct Hire Authority: 1; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 3; 
SCEP: 3; 
FCIP: 0; 
Retention Incentive: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 46; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 1,543; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 1; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 37; 
Relocation Incentive: 0; 
Superior Qualification: 0; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 0; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 0; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 14. 

Component: Office of the Inspector General; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 1; 
SCEP: 0; 
FCIP: 15; 
Retention Incentive: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 2; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 238; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 33; 
Relocation Incentive: 0; 
Superior Qualification: 13; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 0; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 1; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 2. 

Component: Office of the Under Secretary for Science and Technology; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
SCEP: 0; 
FCIP: 0; 
Retention Incentive: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 5; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 61; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 27; 
Relocation Incentive: 0; 
Superior Qualification: 5; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 0; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 0; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 4. 

Component: Transportation Security Administration[D]; 
Recruitment Incentive: 73; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
SCEP: 0; 
FCIP: 0; 
Retention Incentive: 150; 
Quality Step Increase: 0; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 57,991; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 27; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 16,517; 
Relocation Incentive: 13; 
Superior Qualification: 0; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 0; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 0; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 0. 

Component: U.S. Coast Guard; 
Recruitment Incentive: 1; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 26; 
SCEP: 25; 
FCIP: 2; 
Retention Incentive: 9; 
Quality Step Increase: 220; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 6,643; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 3; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 1,767; 
Relocation Incentive: 2; 
Superior Qualification: 56; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 0; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 0; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 399. 

Component: U.S. Secret Service; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
SCEP: 1; 
FCIP: 0; 
Retention Incentive: 2; 
Quality Step Increase: 26; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 6,044; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 3; 
Relocation Incentive: 0; 
Superior Qualification: 0; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 63; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 0; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 59. 

Component: U.S. Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
SCEP: 0; 
FCIP: 0; 
Retention Incentive: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 8; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 84; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 10; 
Relocation Incentive: 0; 
Superior Qualification: 9; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 0; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 1; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 0. 

[End of table] 

Source: GAO analysis of CPDF data. 

Note: The Table totals might not match the sum of the rows because 
there were data records with missing information. 

[A] DHS data indicated they used student loan repayment 18 times in 
fiscal year 2005. However, we did not find instances of DHS's use of 
student loan repayments in the CPDF because they had invalid CPDF codes 
that prevented us from counting them as permanent employees, and we 
reviewed the use of flexibilities for permanent employees only. 

[B] Only law enforcement employees are eligible to receive foreign 
language awards. 

[C] The count for re-employed annuitant waiver is the number of re- 
employed annuitants as of September 2005. 

[D] TSA is exempt from certain personnel rules that apply to most 
federal agencies. TSA officials told us that for this reason they do 
not use the following human capital flexibilities: direct hire 
authority, veterans' recruitment authority, and quality step increases. 

[End of table] 

Table 14: Number of Times DHS Components Used Human Capital 
Flexibilities in Fiscal Year 2006: 

Component: All Department of Homeland Security; 
Recruitment Incentive: 16; 
Direct Hire Authority: 124; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 55; 
SCEP: 65; 
FCIP: 3,548; 
Retention Incentive: 1,286; 
Quality Step Increase: 911; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 222,812; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 20; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 27,721; 
Relocation Incentive: 31; 
Superior Qualification: 164; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 648; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 10; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 5,668. 

Component: DHS Headquarters; 
Recruitment Incentive: 1; 
Direct Hire Authority: 34; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
SCEP: 2; 
FCIP: 0; 
Retention Incentive: 1; 
Quality Step Increase: 38; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 770; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 24; 
Relocation Incentive: 2; 
Superior Qualification: 55; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 0; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 1; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 1. 

Component: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
Direct Hire Authority: 9; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 6; 
SCEP: 15; 
FCIP: 21; 
Retention Incentive: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 147; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 6,841; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 1,585; 
Relocation Incentive: 0; 
Superior Qualification: 0; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 0; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 0; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 41. 

Component: U.S. Customs and Border Protection; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
Direct Hire Authority: 26; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 3; 
SCEP: 16; 
FCIP: 3,156; 
Retention Incentive: 2; 
Quality Step Increase: 81; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 21,439; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 5,611; 
Relocation Incentive: 5; 
Superior Qualification: 1; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 0; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 4; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 2,495. 

Component: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
Direct Hire Authority: 6; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 8; 
SCEP: 8; 
FCIP: 359; 
Retention Incentive: 687; 
Quality Step Increase: 40; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 6,493; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 1; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 2,726; 
Relocation Incentive: 0; 
Superior Qualification: 0; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 580; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 1; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 2,725. 

Component: Defense Nuclear Detection Office; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
Direct Hire Authority: 27; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
SCEP: 0; 
FCIP: 0; 
Retention Incentive: 1; 
Quality Step Increase: 30; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 654; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 40; 
Relocation Incentive: 0; 
Superior Qualification: 35; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 0; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 0; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 3. 

Component: Federal Emergency Management Agency; 
Recruitment Incentive: 2; 
Direct Hire Authority: 22; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
SCEP: 0; 
FCIP: 0; 
Retention Incentive: 2; 
Quality Step Increase: 115; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 1,694; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 1,622; 
Relocation Incentive: 0; 
Superior Qualification: 2; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 0; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 3; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 85. 

Component: Federal Law Enforcement Training Center; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 1; 
SCEP: 7; 
FCIP: 0; 
Retention Incentive: 2; 
Quality Step Increase: 64; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 1,663; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 2; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 60; 
Relocation Incentive: 0; 
Superior Qualification: 0; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 0; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 0; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 10. 

Component: Office of the Under Secretary for Science and Technology; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
SCEP: 0; 
FCIP: 0; 
Retention Incentive: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 4; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 110; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 0; 
Relocation Incentive: 0; 
Superior Qualification: 4; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 0; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 0; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 6. 

Component: Office of the Inspector General; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
SCEP: 0; 
FCIP: 9; 
Retention Incentive: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 17; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 175; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 62; 
Relocation Incentive: 0; 
Superior Qualification: 4; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 0; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 0; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 3. 

Component: Transportation Security Administration[D]; 
Recruitment Incentive: 6; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
SCEP: 0; 
FCIP: 0; 
Retention Incentive: 584; 
Quality Step Increase: 0; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 171,518; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 1; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 14,740; 
Relocation Incentive: 12; 
Superior Qualification: 0; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 0; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 0; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 0. 

Component: U.S. Coast Guard; 
Recruitment Incentive: 6; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 37; 
SCEP: 17; 
FCIP: 3; 
Retention Incentive: 5; 
Quality Step Increase: 337; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 7,025; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 16; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 1,187; 
Relocation Incentive: 11; 
Superior Qualification: 56; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 0; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 0; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 234. 

Component: U.S. Secret Service; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
SCEP: 0; 
FCIP: 0; 
Retention Incentive: 2; 
Quality Step Increase: 32; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 4,311; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 55; 
Relocation Incentive: 1; 
Superior Qualification: 0; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 68; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 0; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 65. 

Component: U.S. Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
SCEP: 0; 
FCIP: 0; 
Retention Incentive: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 6; 
Individual and group Cash Award: 117; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 9; 
Relocation Incentive: 0; 
Superior Qualification: 2; 
Student Loan Repayment[A]: 0; 
Foreign Language Award[B]: 0; 
Reemployment Annuitant Waiver[C]: 1; 
Special Rate and Critical Position Pay: 0. 

Source: GAO analysis of CPDF data. 

Note: The table totals might not match the sum of the rows because 
there were data records with missing information. 

[A] DHS data indicated they used student loan repayment 13 times in 
fiscal year 2006. However, we did not find instances of DHS's use of 
student loan repayments in the CPDF because they had invalid CPDF codes 
that prevented us from counting them as permanent employees, and we 
reviewed the use of flexibilities for permanent employees only. 

[B] Only law enforcement employees are eligible to receive foreign 
language awards. 

[C] The count for re-employed annuitant waiver is the total number of 
re-employed annuitants as of September 2006. 

[D] TSA is exempt from certain personnel rules that apply to most 
federal agencies. TSA officials told us that for this reason they do 
not use the following human capital flexibilities: direct hire 
authority, veterans' recruitment authority, and quality step increases. 

[End of table] 

Table 15: Number of Times DHS Used Human Capital Flexibilities in 
Fiscal Year 2005 for Every 100 Permanent Employees: 

Component: All Department of Homeland Security; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 62.46; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 24.42; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0.02; 
Quality Step Increase: 0.81; 
Retention Incentive: 0.16. 

Component: DHS Headquarters; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 71.84; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 3.88; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 4.41; 
Retention Incentive: 0.35. 

Component: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 49.07; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 37.78; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 7.61; 
Retention Incentive: 0. 

Component: U.S. Customs and Border Protection; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 1.07; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 9.28; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 0.10; 
Retention Incentive: 0. 

Component: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 46.12; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 49.11; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 0.04; 
Retention Incentive: 0.40. 

Component: Defense Nuclear Detection Office; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 96.32; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 14.23; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 3.80; 
Retention Incentive: 0.47. 

Component: Federal Emergency Management Agency; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 83.59; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 76.3; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 8.92; 
Retention Incentive: 0.04. 

Component: Federal Law Enforcement Training Center; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 181.96; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 4.36; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0.12; 
Quality Step Increase: 5.42; 
Retention Incentive: 0. 

Component: Office of the Inspector General; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 52.42; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 7.27; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 0.44; 
Retention Incentive: 0. 

Component: Office of the Under Secretary for Science and Technology; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 43.42; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 19.22; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 3.56; 
Retention Incentive: 0. 

Component: Transportation Security Administration; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 98.17; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 27.96; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0.05; 
Quality Step Increase: 0; 
Retention Incentive: 0.25. 

Component: U.S. Coast Guard; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 99.52; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 26.47; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0.04; 
Quality Step Increase: 3.30; 
Retention Incentive: 0.13. 

Component: U.S. Secret Service; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 128.94; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 0.06; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 0.55; 
Retention Incentive: 0.04. 

Component: U.S. Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 60.65; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 7.22; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 5.78; 
Retention Incentive: 0. 

Source: GAO analysis of CPDF data. 

Note: The table totals might not match the sum of the rows because 
there were data records with missing information. 

[End of table] 

Table 16: Percent of New Permanent Hires for Which DHS Used Human 
Capital Flexibilities in Fiscal Year 2005: 

Component: All Department of Homeland Security; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0.94; 
FCIP: 15.51; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0.49; 
SCEP: 0.30; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0.49; 
Superior Qualifications: 1.20. 

Component: DHS Headquarters; 
Direct Hire Authority: 1.00; 
FCIP: 0.67; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
SCEP: 0.33; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
Superior Qualifications: 10.03. 

Component: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services; 
Direct Hire Authority: 7.86; 
FCIP: 0; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
SCEP: 0.94; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0.63; 
Superior Qualifications: 0. 

Component: U.S. Customs and Border Protection; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0.72; 
FCIP: 80.04; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
SCEP: 0.48; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 1; 
Superior Qualifications: 0. 

Component: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0.54; 
FCIP: 27.72; 
Recruitment Incentive: 1.09; 
SCEP: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 7.61; 
Superior Qualifications: 0. 

Component: Defense Nuclear Detection Office; 
Direct Hire Authority: 38.62; 
FCIP: 0; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
SCEP: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
Superior Qualifications: 28.05. 

Component: Federal Emergency Management Agency; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
FCIP: 0; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
SCEP: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0.81; 
Superior Qualifications: 2.42. 

Component: Federal Law Enforcement Training Center; 
Direct Hire Authority: 1.79; 
FCIP: 0; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
SCEP: 5.36; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 5.36; 
Superior Qualifications: 0. 

Component: Office of the Inspector General; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
FCIP: 22.06; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
SCEP: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 1.47; 
Superior Qualifications: 19.12. 

Component: Office of the Under Secretary for Science and Technology; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
FCIP: 0; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
SCEP: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
Superior Qualifications: 9.09. 

Component: Transportation Security Administration; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
FCIP: 0; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0.71; 
SCEP: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
Superior Qualifications: 0. 

Component: U.S. Coast Guard; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
FCIP: 0.23; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0.12; 
SCEP: 2.90; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 3.02; 
Superior Qualifications: 6.50. 

Component: U.S. Secret Service; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
FCIP: 0; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
SCEP: 1.1; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
Superior Qualifications: 0. 

Component: U.S. Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
FCIP: 0; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
SCEP: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
Superior Qualifications: 21.95. 

Source: GAO analysis of CPDF data. 

Note: We did not adjust percentages in usage to account for differences 
between agencies or DHS components such as the proportion of employees 
in different personnel systems. 

[End of table] 

Table 17: Number of Times DHS Used Human Capital Flexibilities in 
Fiscal Year 2006 for Every 100 Permanent Employees: 

Component: All Department of Homeland Security; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 161.40; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 20.08; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0.01; 
Quality Step Increase: 0.66; 
Retention Incentive: 0.93. 

Component: DHS Headquarters; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 85.79; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 2.67; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 4.23; 
Retention Incentive: 0.11. 

Component: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 94.4; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 21.87; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 2.03; 
Retention Incentive: 0. 

Component: U.S. Customs and Border Protection; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 50.67; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 13.26; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 0.19; 
Retention Incentive: 0. 

Component: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 46.26; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 19.42; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0.01; 
Quality Step Increase: 0.29; 
Retention Incentive: 4.89. 

Component: Defense Nuclear Detection Office; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 105.65; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 6.46; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 4.85; 
Retention Incentive: 0.16. 

Component: Federal Emergency Management Agency; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 76.17; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 72.93; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 5.17; 
Retention Incentive: 0.09. 

Component: Federal Law Enforcement Training Center; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 181.15; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 6.54; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0.22; 
Quality Step Increase: 6.97; 
Retention Incentive: 0.22. 

Component: Office of the Inspector General; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 36.80; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 13.04; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 3.58; 
Retention Incentive: 0. 

Component: Office of the Under Secretary for Science and Technology; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 58.51; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 0; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 2.13; 
Retention Incentive: 0. 

Component: Transportation Security Administration; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 300.88; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 25.86; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 0; 
Retention Incentive: 1.02. 

Component: U.S. Coast Guard; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 99.93; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 16.88; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0.23; 
Quality Step Increase: 4.79; 
Retention Incentive: 0.07. 

Component: U.S. Secret Service; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 86.77; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 1.11; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 0.64; 
Retention Incentive: 0.04. 

Component: U.S. Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology; 
Individual and Group Cash Award: 99.57; 
Individual and Group Time-off Award: 7.66; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0; 
Quality Step Increase: 5.11; 
Retention Incentive: 0. 

Source: GAO analysis of CPDF data. 

Note: The table totals might not match the sum of the rows because 
there were data records with missing information. 

[End of table] 

Table 18: Percent of New Permanent Hires for Which DHS Used Human 
Capital Flexibilities in Fiscal Year 2006: 

Component: All Department of Homeland Security; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0.79; 
FCIP: 22.48; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0.10; 
SCEP: 0.41; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0.35; 
Superior Qualifications: 1.04. 

Component: DHS Headquarters; 
Direct Hire Authority: 13.55; 
FCIP: 0; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0.40; 
SCEP: 0.80; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
Superior Qualifications: 21.91. 

Component: U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services; 
Direct Hire Authority: 1.78; 
FCIP: 4.15; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
SCEP: 2.96; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 1.19; 
Superior Qualifications: 0. 

Component: U.S. Customs and Border Protection; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0.71; 
FCIP: 86.61; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
SCEP: 0.44; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0.08; 
Superior Qualifications: 0.03. 

Component: U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0.83; 
FCIP: 49.65; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
SCEP: 1.11; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 1.11; 
Superior Qualifications: 0. 

Component: Defense Nuclear Detection Office; 
Direct Hire Authority: 30.68; 
FCIP: 0; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
SCEP: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
Superior Qualifications: 39.77. 

Component: Federal Emergency Management Agency; 
Direct Hire Authority: 9.48; 
FCIP: 0; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0.86; 
SCEP: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
Superior Qualifications: 0.86. 

Component: Federal Law Enforcement Training Center; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
FCIP: 0; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
SCEP: 7.78; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 1.11; 
Superior Qualifications: 0. 

Component: Office of the Inspector General; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
FCIP: 19.57; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
SCEP: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
Superior Qualifications: 8.70. 

Component: Office of the Under Secretary for Science and Technology; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
FCIP: 0; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
SCEP: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
Superior Qualifications: 22.22. 

Component: Transportation Security Administration; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
FCIP: 0; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0.06; 
SCEP: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
Superior Qualifications: 0. 

Component: U.S. Coast Guard; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
FCIP: 0.37; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0.73; 
SCEP: 2.08; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 4.52; 
Superior Qualifications: 6.85. 

Component: U.S. Secret Service; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
FCIP: 0; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
SCEP: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
Superior Qualifications: 0. 

Component: U.S. Visitor and Immigrant Status Indicator Technology; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0; 
FCIP: 0; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0; 
SCEP: 0; 
Veterans Recruitment Authority: 0; 
Superior Qualifications: 25.00. 

Source: GAO analysis of CPDF data. 

Note: We did not adjust percentages in usage to account for differences 
between agencies or DHS components such as the proportion of employees 
in different personnel systems. 

[End of table] 

Table 19: Rate at Which DHS Used Human Capital Flexibilities in Fiscal 
Year 2006 per Every 100 Permanent Employees Compared to Median Rate at 
Which Executive Agencies Used Flexibilities in Fiscal Year 2006: 

Agency: Department of Homeland Security rates; 
Individual & Group Cash Award: 161.40; 
Individual & Group Time-off Award: 20.08; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0.01; 
Quality Step Increase: 0.66; 
Retention Incentive: 0.93. 

Agency: Executive agency median rates; 
Individual & Group Cash Award: 83.07; 
Individual & Group Time-off Award: 16.03; 
Individual and Group Suggestion Award: 0.02; 
Quality Step Increase: 3.31; 
Retention Incentive: 0.29. 

Source: GAO analysis of CPDF data. 

Note: We did not adjust percentages in usage to account for differences 
between agencies or DHS components such as the proportion of employees 
in different personnel systems. 

[End of table] 

Table 20: Percentage of New Permanent Hires for Which DHS Used Human 
Capital Flexibilities in Fiscal Year 2006 Compared to the Median 
Percentage at Executive Agencies in Fiscal Year 2006: 

Agency: Department of Homeland Security percentage; 
Direct Hire Authority: 0.79; 
FCIP: 22.48; 
Recruitment Incentive: 0.10; 
SCEP: 0.41; 
Superior Qualification: 1.04; 
Veterans Recruitment Incentive: 0.35. 

Agency: Executive agency median percentage; 
Direct Hire Authority: 1.49; 
FCIP: 6.70; 
Recruitment Incentive: 2.21; 
SCEP: 2.06; 
Superior Qualification: 3.03; 
Veterans Recruitment Incentive: 0.45. 

Source: GAO analysis of CPDF data. 

Note: We did not adjust rates in usage to account for differences 
between agencies or DHS components such as the proportion of employees 
in different personnel systems. 

[End of table] 

Figure 7: DHS Components Rate the Effectiveness of Human Capital 
Flexibilities for Recruiting New Staff: 

[See PDF for image] 

Source: GAO analysis of survey results. 

[End of figure] 

Figure 8: DHS Components Rate the Effectiveness of Human Capital 
Flexibilities for Retaining Staff: 

[See PDF for image] 

Source: GAO analysis of survey  results. 

[End of figure] 

Table 21: Flexibilities Components Would Have Liked to Use More Often 
and the Factors That Prevented Them from Doing So: 

Flexibility: Recruitment Incentive; 
Lack of funding: 1; 
OPM rules and regulations: 0; 
Lack of written policies and procedures: 0; 
Other: 0; 
Total number of component officials saying they would have liked to use 
flexibility more: 1. 

Flexibility: Direct Hire Authority; 
Lack of funding: 1; 
OPM rules and regulations: 8; 
Lack of written policies and procedures: 0; 
Other: 0; 
Total number of component officials saying they would have liked to use 
flexibility more: 8[A]. 

Flexibility: Re-employed Annuitant Waiver; 
Lack of funding: 1; 
OPM rules and regulations: 3; 
Lack of written policies and procedures: 0; 
Other: 1; 
Total number of component officials saying they would have liked to use 
flexibility more: 5. 

Flexibility: SCEP; 
Lack of funding: 3; 
OPM rules and regulations: 0; 
Lack of written policies and procedures: 0; 
Other: 1; 
Total number of component officials saying they would have liked to use 
flexibility more: 4. 

Flexibility: FCIP; 
Lack of funding: 0; 
OPM rules and regulations: 0; 
Lack of written policies and procedures: 0; 
Other: 2; 
Total number of component officials saying they would have liked to use 
flexibility more: 2. 

Flexibility: Retention Incentive; 
Lack of funding: 0; 
OPM rules and regulations: 1; 
Lack of written policies and procedures: 1; 
Other: 1; 
Total number of component officials saying they would have liked to use 
flexibility more: 3. 

Flexibility: Quality Step Increase; 
Lack of funding: 3; 
OPM rules and regulations: 1; 
Lack of written policies and procedures: 0; 
Other: 0; 
Total number of component officials saying they would have liked to use 
flexibility more: 4. 

Flexibility: Individual and group cash awards; 
Lack of funding: 2; 
OPM rules and regulations: 1; 
Lack of written policies and procedures: 0; 
Other: 0; 
Total number of component officials saying they would have liked to use 
flexibility more: 3. 

Flexibility: Individual and group suggestion awards; 
Lack of funding: 1; 
OPM rules and regulations: 0; 
Lack of written policies and procedures: 1; 
Other: 0; 
Total number of component officials saying they would have liked to use 
flexibility more: 2. 

Flexibility: Individual and group time-off awards; 
Lack of funding: 0; 
OPM rules and regulations: 0; 
Lack of written policies and procedures: 0; 
Other: 2; 
Total number of component officials saying they would have liked to use 
flexibility more: 2. 

Flexibility: Relocation incentive; 
Lack of funding: 2; 
OPM rules and regulations: 1; 
Lack of written policies and procedures: 0; 
Other: 0; 
Total number of component officials saying they would have liked to use 
flexibility more: 3. 

Flexibility: Superior Qualifications Rate; 
Lack of funding: 0; 
OPM rules and regulations: 1; 
Lack of written policies and procedures: 0; 
Other: 0; 
Total number of component officials saying they would have liked to use 
flexibility more: 1. 

Flexibility: Student loan repayment; 
Lack of funding: 5; 
OPM rules and regulations: 0; 
Lack of written policies and procedures: 2; 
Other: 1; 
Total number of component officials saying they would have liked to use 
flexibility more: 7[A]. 

Source: GAO analysis of survey results. 

[A] A component cited multiple reasons. 

[End of table] 

As part of our survey, we asked DHS components the following: 

Were there any occasions where you would have liked to have used a 
flexibility, but were prevented from doing so? 

If yes, did any of the following reasons prevent you from using the 
flexibility? 

* Lack of funding: 

* Lack of support within the component: 

* Lack of support from DHS: 

* Lack of written policies and procedures: 

* Concerns about inconsistencies in implementation within DHS: 

* Lack of OPM guidance: 

* OPM rules and regulations: 

* Other: 

[End of section] 

Appendix V: IPA and Personal Services Contracts: 

This appendix contains additional information on IPAs and personal 
services contracts. Specifically, it includes information on the 
following: 

* The complete list of all 36 IPA agreements in place at DHS as of 
September 30, 2006. 

* The name of the employing DHS component. 

* The employer of the IPA individual. 

* The position title and description of duties of each IPA individual. 

* The complete list of all 61 personal services contracts in place at 
DHS as of September 30, 2006. 

* The name of the DHS component that utilized the personal services 
contracts. 

* The salary/contract value of each personal services contract. 

* The name of the position and description of the assignment of each 
personal services contract. 

Table 22: Intergovernmental Personnel Act Agreements at DHS as of 
September 30, 2006: 

DHS component: U.S. Customs and Border Protection; 
Number identifier: 1; 
Employer: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; 
Position title and assignment description: Systems Engineer. Provides 
leadership in the development of detailed specifications for nuclear 
detection systems. Leads system engineering studies, documenting the 
functions and requirements of global nuclear detection architecture, 
trades studies evaluating alternative technology solutions to fulfill 
the functions and requirements, and identifies capability gaps between 
existing technology and the detection requirements for the global 
architecture. 

DHS component: Domestic Nuclear Detection Office; 
Number identifier: 2; 
Employer: National Technology Securities LLC; 
Position title and assignment description: Test Scientist/Senior 
Scientist. Provides DHS with subject matter expertise relating to 
detection and sensor systems. Converts knowledge into specific test 
plans and protocols for detection systems. Leads the team responsible 
for data collection. 

Number identifier: 3; 
Employer: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; 
Position title and assignment description: Scientist. Manages projects 
and activities in the areas of nuclear and radiological forensics. 
Provides subject matter expertise, analysis of technical and 
operational requirements and performance specifications for information 
and knowledge management systems. Works on an interagency basis to 
ensure that defined roles, responsibilities and relationships are 
developed and implemented to ensure an effective national forensics 
program. 

Number identifier: 4; 
Employer: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; 
Position title and assignment description: Scientific Advisor. Provides 
DHS with subject matter expertise in radiation detection and sensor 
systems. Provides support in the development of a technical reachback 
capability. Develops and conducts radiation detection efforts. Serves 
as technical advisor for international cooperation and exchanges. 

Number identifier: 5; 
Employer: Los Alamos National Laboratory; 
Position title and assignment description: Lead System Architect. 
Manages systems architecture development activities, support staff, and 
support contracts. Coordinates within DHS and externally (federal, 
state, and local) on the development of the architecture. Establishes 
baseline architecture. Develops system performance metrics and 
assessment methodologies. Develops and assesses architecture options. 

DHS component: Office of Intelligence Analysis; 
Number identifier: 6; 
Employer: Sandia National Laboratories; 
Position title and assignment description: Chief Scientist/Deputy 
Director. Discovers, defines and implements threat assessment 
approaches. Analyzes weapons of mass destruction-related intelligence. 

Number identifier: 7; 
Employer: New Jersey Office of Homeland Security & Preparedness; 
Position title and assignment description: Analyst. Serves as state 
liaison officer. Specialist in analytical operations, functions, 
techniques, and projects. Establishes link between state and national 
intelligence communities for information sharing. 

DHS component: Office of Policy; 
Number identifier: 8; 
Employer: Center for Strategic and International Studies; 
Position title and assignment description: Program Analyst. Provides 
expertise in studying and producing strategies to combat terrorist 
tactics and organizations. Conducts management surveys and research 
projects and provides advisory services to assess the effectiveness of 
program operations. Analyzes and evaluates quantitative or qualitative 
effectiveness of program operations in meeting established goals and 
objectives. Develops measurement criteria, procedures, and data 
collection instruments. Collects, reviews, evaluates, and interprets 
data. 

DHS component: Office of Preparedness; 
Number identifier: 9; 
Employer: Fairmount, Colo., Fire Protection District; 
Position title and assignment description: Assistant Fire Specialist. 
Provides support services to satisfy objectives of the Assistance to 
Firefighters Act Grant Program (AFG) through planning, implementation, 
monitoring, and analysis activities as outlined by the AFG program 
office. Conducts workshops for grant applicants. Reviews and makes 
recommendations on grant amendment requests. Provides technical 
assistance in the development of informational materials. Implements 
and maintains program activities relating to the AFG program. Tracks 
issues on a variety of fire service-related topics and makes 
recommendations as they apply to AFG. Recommends activities or program 
actions on grants and provides technical direction to grantees. 

Number identifier: 10; 
Employer: University of Pittsburgh; 
Position title and assignment description: Program Specialist. Provides 
support services to satisfy objectives of the AFG through planning, 
implementation, monitoring, and analysis activities as outlined by the 
AFG program office. Conducts workshops for grant applicants. Reviews 
and makes recommendations on grant amendment requests. Provides 
technical assistance in the development of informational materials. 
Implements and maintains program activities relating to the AFG 
program. Tracks issues on a variety of fire service-related topics and 
makes recommendations as they apply to AFG. Recommends activities or 
program actions on grants and provides technical direction to grantees. 

Number identifier: 11; 
Employer: City of Berkeley; 
Position title and assignment description: Program Specialist. Provides 
support services to satisfy objectives of the AFG through planning, 
implementation, monitoring, and analysis activities as outlined by the 
AFG program office. Conducts workshops for grant applicants. Reviews 
and makes recommendations on grant amendment requests. Provides 
technical assistance in the development of informational materials. 
Implements and maintains program activities relating to the AFG 
program. Tracks issues on a variety of fire service-related topics and 
makes recommendations as they apply to AFG. Recommends activities or 
program actions on grants and provides technical direction to grantees. 

Number identifier: 12; 
Employer: Town of Waterville Valley, N.H; 
Position title and assignment description: Program Specialist. Provides 
support services to satisfy objectives of the AFG through planning, 
implementation, monitoring, and analysis activities as outlined by the 
AFG program office. Conducts workshops for grant applicants. Reviews 
and makes recommendations on grant amendment requests. Provides 
technical assistance in the development of informational materials. 
Implements and maintains program activities relating to the AFG 
program. Tracks issues on a variety of fire service-related topics and 
makes recommendations as they apply to AFG. Recommends activities or 
program actions on grants and provides technical direction to grantees. 

Number identifier: 13; 
Employer: New York City Police Department; 
Position title and assignment description: Section Member/Program 
Manager. Serves as security specialist. Serves as a technical authority 
on threats to the national infrastructure and coordinates projects 
designed to improve the protection and reliability of our national 
infrastructure. Facilitates information sharing and program planning 
and implementation with industry representatives and other federal, 
state and local jurisdictions. 

Number identifier: 14; 
Employer: Carnegie Mellon University; 
Position title and assignment description: Acting Director, National 
Cybersecurity Division. Develops incident and warning non-disclosure 
policies. Assists the US CERT team in the development of non-disclosure 
policies and the analysis of key elements and related legal and 
regulatory factors affecting non- disclosure policies. Assists the US 
CERT team in identifying research and development needs and priorities. 
Assesses policies and working protocols to enhance information sharing 
and incident analysis as well as an assessment of opportunities for 
collaboration between the US CERT and regional CERT initiatives in 
other countries. 

Number identifier: 15; 
Employer: Office of the Illinois State Fire Marshal; 
Position title and assignment description: Program Specialist. Provides 
support services to satisfy objectives of the AFG through planning, 
implementation, monitoring and analysis activities as outlined by the 
AFG program office. Conducts workshops for grant applicants. Reviews 
and makes recommendations on grant amendment requests. Provides 
technical assistance in the development of informational materials. 
Implements and maintains program activities relating to the AFG 
program. Tracks issues on a variety of fire service-related topics and 
makes recommendations as they apply to AFG. Recommends activities or 
program actions on grants and provides technical direction to grantees. 

Number identifier: 16; 
Employer: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; 
Position title and assignment description: Technical Advisor. Serves as 
the principal advisor regarding issues that impact the Federal 
government's ability to respond to disasters and terrorist attacks. 
Possesses a through knowledge of emergency medical preparedness and 
emergency medical services. Serves as point of contact in developing 
the master plan for overall medical preparedness operations and 
response. 

Number identifier: 17; 
Employer: Idaho National Laboratory; 
Position title and assignment description: Senior Technical Advisor. 
Provides expertise in risk analysis and systems interdependencies. 
Develops and refines risk-based methodology used to determine 
allocation of DHS resources to include comprehensive reviews and buffer 
zone protection plans. Provides overall guidance to risk-based analysis 
of infrastructure as it pertains to local, state, and federal grant 
programs. Directs coordinate infrastructure analytical efforts of 
agency personnel to develop critical tools to allow threat information 
to be evaluated. 

Number identifier: 18; 
Employer: Georgetown University Medical Center; 
Position title and assignment description: Technical Advisor. Provides 
technical leadership and operational management to the National Bio-
surveillance Integration System (NBIS). Helps develop procedures for 
operation of the analysis team, designing analysis methods for event 
detection and characterization, making recommendations for analysis 
team training requirements and conducting regular team readiness 
assessments. Provides management and leadership of the team during 
exercises or actual events. 

Number identifier: 19; 
Employer: Fairmount, Colo., Fire Protection District; 
Position title and assignment description: Program Specialist. Provides 
support services to satisfy objectives of the AFG through planning, 
implementation, monitoring, and analysis activities as outlined by the 
AFG program office. Conducts workshops for grant applicants. Reviews 
and makes recommendations on grant amendment requests. Provides 
technical assistance in the development of informational materials. 
Implements and maintains program activities relating to the AFG 
program. Tracks issues on a variety of fire service-related topics and 
makes recommendations as they apply to AFG. Recommends activities or 
program actions on grants and provides technical direction to grantees. 

DHS component: Science and Technology Directorate; 
Number identifier: 20; 
Employer: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; 
Position title and assignment description: Center Director, Biothreat 
Characterization Center (BTCC)/NBAC. Provides DHS with senior 
technical, management and operational expertise essential for effective 
operations of S&T. Provides critical laboratory management experience 
needed for continuity of operations. Develops, manages, and executes a 
scientific program to assess the risks of biological threat agents. 
Assesses and identifies science and technology requirements in 
providing laboratory capability and predictive data. 

Number identifier: 21; 
Employer: South Carolina Research Authority; 
Position title and assignment description: Program Manager, Office of 
Systems Engineering and Development. Responsible for strategic, 
technical resource planning, and execution of short-and long-range 
programmatic goals. Promotes, coordinates, and maintains 
standardization and integration of program and portfolio support with 
other program managers. Evaluates emerging technologies for potential 
insertion into assigned programs. Establishes goals, measures, metrics, 
and priorities to focus on performance management. 

Number identifier: 22; 
Employer: Tufts University; 
Position title and assignment description: Program Director, University 
Programs. Assists in establishing policies and programs related to 
universities and colleges to support U.S. leadership in science and 
technology. Ensures nationwide participation in DHS extramural 
programs. Establishes university-based centers for homeland security. 

Number identifier: 23; 
Employer: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; 
Position title and assignment description: Emergency Response Manager. 
Provides critical scientific expertise and radiological emergency 
response experience. Serves as a subject matter expert for radiological 
emergency response and consequences management. Facilitates the 
integration and coordination of emergency response assets. Supports 
First Responders training and preparedness. Participates in federal 
interagency working groups for emergency response and consequence 
management. 

Number identifier: 24; 
Employer: Los Alamos National Laboratory; 
Position title and assignment description: Intelligence Analyst. 
Provides technical analysis in the area of chemical weapons. 

Number identifier: 25; 
Employer: Eastern Kentucky University; 
Position title and assignment description: Deputy Director. Provides 
program and policy analysis. Coordinates interoperability programs, 
ensuring programs are linked with other federal, state, and local 
interoperability programs. Serves as primary liaison to public safety 
officials. Provides advice and guidance on federal, state, and local 
funding. 

Number identifier: 26; 
Employer: Texas A&M University; 
Position title and assignment description: Program Manager. Works as 
part of a highly integrated multi- disciplinary team to guide the 
formation of science and technology agendas. Oversees projects 
impacting readiness for biological defense. Provides expert advice on 
policy matters. 

Number identifier: 27; 
Employer: DeWitt (N.Y.) Fire District; 
Position title and assignment description: Program Specialist. 
Responsible for designing, setting up, implementing, and monitoring 
programs to develop tools, technologies, and systems to support 
homeland security at the state and local levels. Obtains information 
needed to assess and identify homeland security technology/systems 
needs and gaps. Generates requirements for enhancing state and local 
preparedness. Proposes priorities to allocate budget, staff, and 
resources. Develops strategic action plans and works with federal, 
state, and local governments to incorporate user requirements into 
homeland security efforts. 

Number identifier: 28; 
Employer: Johns Hopkins University; 
Position title and assignment description: Program Manager. Duties 
include systems engineering and project management for the design, 
development, integration, test and deployment of systems and processes 
to counter threats against critical infrastructures. Employee is 
knowledgeable in the fields of sensor systems, surveillance, software 
development, systems acquisition, systems engineering, and program 
management. 

Number identifier: 29; 
Employer: Potomac Institute for Policy Studies; 
Position title and assignment description: Program Manager. Provides 
expertise in concept development and management of prototypes and test 
beds to support the program plan. Responsible for solicitation, 
selection, initiation, and management of efforts in support of homeland 
security mission. Delivers capability, technology, components, 
prototypes, and test beds for programs. 

Number identifier: 30; 
Employer: Johns Hopkins University; 
Position title and assignment description: Program Manager. Responsible 
for the solicitation, selection, initiation, and management of efforts 
in support of the homeland security mission. Delivers capability, 
technology, components, prototypes and test beds as specified in the 
program definition document. Responsible for identifying and initiating 
activities to transition technologies and capabilities in support of 
DHS missions. Responsible for monitoring the execution of programs, 
ensuring that program objectives are being met, and recommending 
remediation strategies. 

Number identifier: 31; 
Employer: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; 
Position title and assignment description: Office Director. Responsible 
for developing strategy. Develops the plans, budgets, and 
prioritization of activities and performance measures within the 
portfolio. Coordinates within DHS and with federal agencies, academia, 
private industry, and research organizations as appropriate. 

Number identifier: 32; 
Employer: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; 
Position title and assignment description: Program Manager. Develops 
strategy for preparing program plans and develops comprehensive program 
plans for the bioassays, forensics, and technical resource areas. 
Identifies primary user and key technical assets for bioassays, 
forensics, and attribution. Defines execution plans for providing 
needed infrastructure. Defines critical decision points, milestones, 
and deliverables. Develops consensus among primary users and key 
technical assets on the comprehensive program plans. 

Number identifier: 33; 
Employer: Florida Department of Health; 
Position title and assignment description: Program Manager/Science 
Advisor. Defines the vision, strategic plan, and requirements for 
future biomonitoring systems and for their integration into an 
integrated national biomonitoring system. Builds the interagency 
partnerships necessary to accomplish this strategy, clearly defining 
agency roles and responsibilities. Serves as principal spokesperson for 
BioWatch and related systems in a variety of interagency and technical 
forums. 

Number identifier: 34; 
Employer: National Institute of Aerospace; 
Position title and assignment description: Program Executive Officer. 
Responsible for congressionally mandated program for protection of 
commercial aircraft. Responsible for keeping program on schedule, 
within budget, and meeting all performance criteria. Responsibilities 
include program reviews, system requirements reviews, design reviews, 
independent reviews, concept of operations definition, modeling, 
simulation, performance prediction, and life-cycle cost estimates. 

Number identifier: 35; 
Employer: Idaho National Laboratory; 
Position title and assignment description: Intelligence Analyst. Serves 
as subject matter expert on terrorist biological capabilities, plans, 
and intentions. 

Number identifier: 36; 
Employer: Sandia National Laboratories; 
Position title and assignment description: Division Director. Provides 
leadership and support for developing, demonstrating, and implementing 
technology programs to prevent, detect, deter, and mitigate the use of 
biological weapons. Oversees multiple large and/or complex technical 
programs, projects, and initiatives by providing input to assess and 
identify technology needs and gaps. Prepares annual and outyear 
portfolio-specific roadmaps. Coordinates with various agencies and the 
intelligence community on biological defense countermeasures. Works 
with federal, state, or local governments and private-sector entities 
to provide expertise, equipment, technologies, procedures, protocols, 
and integrated systems. 

Source: DHS data. 

[End of table] 

Table 23: Personal Services Contracts at DHS as of September 30, 2006: 

DHS component: Office of Preparedness; 
Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $139,774; 
Name of position and assignment description: Procurement Analyst. 
Technical assistance. 

DHS component: U.S. Customs and Border Protection; 
Number of contractors: 19; 
Number of contracts: 19; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $60.00/hr. or $480/day; 
Name of position and assignment description: C-TPAT Validator/Subject 
Matter Expert. Validating security compliance of participating 
shippers. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $156.00/hr; 
Name of position and assignment description: Technical Consultant. 
Provide technical assistance in communications to a foreign country. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $60.00/hr. or $480/day; 
Name of position and assignment description: Program Advisor/SME. 
Organizational Process Analyst/Advisor to a foreign country. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $60.00/hr. or $480/day; 
Name of position and assignment description: Program Advisor/SME. 
Advises the Ministry of Defense and Internal Affairs in a foreign 
country. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 2; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $60.00/hr. or $480/day; 
Name of position and assignment description: C-TPAT Validator/SME. 
Validating security compliance of participating shippers & SME in a 
foreign country program. IC conducted survey of the foreign countries 
fines, penalties and seizures policies and procedures to determine if a 
more streamlined and simplified approach should be accepted. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $164,409; 
Name of position and assignment description: Chief of Party. Provides 
customs guidance, recommendations and assistance to the Director 
General of Customs in a foreign country. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $122,566; 
Name of position and assignment description: Senior Advisor. Provides 
border security and related law enforcement assistance. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 2; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $122,267/ $50 per hr. not to exceed $2,000 
per week; 
Name of position and assignment description: Advisor. Provides border 
operations advisory services to officers dealing with border security 
management and cross-border crime interdiction & SECI close out. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $133,049; 
Name of position and assignment description: Investigations Advisor. 
Training and guidance in investigative procedures. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $126,301; 
Name of position and assignment description: Senior Advisor. Provides 
border security and related law enforcement assistance. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $114,875; 
Name of position and assignment description: Advisor. Works with 
matters dealing with a foreign country's border services relating to 
the expedited flow of goods and persons involved in international 
trade. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $50 per hr. not to exceed $2,000 per week; 
Name of position and assignment description: SECI close out. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $400 per day pay rate; 
Name of position and assignment description: Advisor under the SECI 
program. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $60.00/hr. or $480/day; 
Name of position and assignment description: Subject matter expert 
under the GBSLE program; 
worked directly with the GBSLE in-country staff, CPB headquarters' 
staff and contracting officer with regard to the selection of the 
contractor to provide operational repairs and maintenance for the GBSLE-
built facilities (to include the aviation hanger). 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $5,000 per week; 
Name of position and assignment description: Training under EXBS 
Program. Conducted 2 single week seminars on Undercover Stress 
Management. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: Firm fixed price of $10,000; 
Name of position and assignment description: EXBS Program. Seminar on 
Undercover Stress Management in three foreign countries. 

DHS component: U.S. Coast Guard[B]; 
Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 2; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $75,362; 
Name of position and assignment description: Other medical services, 
spare parts. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $4,475,662; 
Name of position and assignment description: Laboratory testing 
services, factory visit program. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $1,275; 
Name of position and assignment description: Medical/psychological 
consultation services. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $1,080; 
Name of position and assignment description: Medical/psychological 
consultation services. Domestic violence treatment. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $315; 
Name of position and assignment description: Laboratory testing 
services. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $18,000; 
Name of position and assignment description: Nursing Services, 
temporary nursing services. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: 0[C]; 
Name of position and assignment description: Other Medical Services, 
labor, supervision, transportation, training aids & training materials 
to conduct a basic hazardous waste management training course at USCG 
Air Station Cape Cod. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 6; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $20,970,099; 
Name of position and assignment description: Other medical services and 
dental services. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 2; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $11,458,660; 
Name of position and assignment description: Other medical services. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $258,488; 
Name of position and assignment description: Dentistry services, Dental 
Assistant. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $103,313; 
Name of position and assignment description: Laboratory testing 
services. Medical safety testing. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $275,000; 
Name of position and assignment description: Medical/Psychological 
consultation services. Provide laboratory services for Coast Guard 
clinics. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $4,000; 
Name of position and assignment description: Other medical services 
(DNA testing). 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $172,800; 
Name of position and assignment description: Cardio-Vascular services. 
Provide fitness center services. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $43,658; 
Name of position and assignment description: Laboratory Technician 
Assistance. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $2,700; 
Name of position and assignment description: Medical/Psychological 
Consultation Services. Anger Management groups. 

Number of contractors: 1; 
Number of contracts: 1; 
Salary/contract value[A]: $662; 
Name of position and assignment description: Laboratory testing 
services. Determine whether the water meets drinkability standards. 

Source: DHS data. 

Legend: 

GBSLE: Georgia Border Security Law and Enforcement Program: 

EXBS: Export and Border Security Program: 

C-TPAT: Customs Trade Partnership Against Terrorism: 

SECI: Southeast European Cooperative Initiative: 

Note: Data represent 52 contractors, with a total of 61 individual 
contracts. 

[A] Values represent salaries for individuals as reported by agencies. 

[B] Values represent total contract obligations as of September 30, 
2006, and may reflect costs in addition to the salaries paid to 
individuals. 

[C] Value represents a contract modification and is a separate 
transaction from the original award, which was signed on a previous 
date in fiscal year 2006. 

[End of table] 

[End of section] 

Appendix VI: Comments from the Department of Homeland Security: 

U.S. Department of Homeland Security: 
Washington, DC 211528: 

GAO 2007 Jul 12 PM 1:15: 

July 9, 2007: 

Mr. Robert Goldenkoff: 
Acting Director: 
Homeland Security and Justice Issues: 
U.S. Government Accountability Office: 
441 G Street, NW: 
Washington, DC 20548: 

Dear Mr. Goldenkoff: 

Thank you for the opportunity to review and comment on the Government 
Accountability Office's (GAO) draft report GAO-07-758 entitled Homeland 
Security: DHS Uses Various Human Capital Management Strategies to 
Recruit and Retain Staff, but Has Not Fully Complied with Vacancies 
Reform Act. 

We concur with the recommendation that to help ensure compliance with 
the requirements of the Federal Vacancies Reform Act (FVRA), the 
Department's Office of the General Counsel should develop written 
policies and procedures that clearly explain the duties of officials 
responsible for ensuring compliance with the act and how they are to 
carry out those duties. Prior to receiving this draft report, a written 
draft of FVRA policy and procedures was formulated. Currently the draft 
is being circulated for comment internally within the Department for 
final clearance. We hope to have a finalized copy available when we 
submit our 60 day letter which updates Congress and GAO on the progress 
of the recommendation. 

Thank you again for the opportunity to comment on this draft report and 
we look forward to working with you on future homeland security issues. 

Sincerely, 

Signed by:  

Steven J. Pecinovsky: 
Director: 
Departmental GAO/OIG Liaison Office: 
www.dhs.gov: 

[End of section] 

Appendix VII: GAO Contact and Acknowledgments: 

GAO Contact: 

Robert Goldenkoff (202) 512-2757 or goldenkoffr@gao.gov: 

Acknowledgments: 

In addition to the contact named above, Robert E. White, Assistant 
Director; Doris Page; Amy Bernstein; Sylvia Bascope; Valerie Colaiaco; 
Sean Lovitt; Jeffrey McDermott; and Gregory Wilmoth made key 
contributions to this report. 

FOOTNOTES 

[1] GAO, High-Risk Series: An Update, GAO-07-310 (Washington, D.C.: 
January 2007). 

[2] GAO, Homeland Security: Overview of Department of Homeland Security 
Management Challenges, GAO-05-573T (Washington, D.C.: April 2005). 

[3] 5 U.S.C. §§ 3345-3349d. 

[4] 5 U.S.C. §§ 3371-3376. 

[5] 6 U.S.C. § 391(c). 

[6] We use the term "permanent" to describe employees with permanent 
appointments in the competitive or excepted service. 

[7] GAO, Human Capital: Federal Workforce Challenges in the 21st 
Century, GAO-07-556T (Washington, D.C.: Mar. 6, 2007). 

[8] Some PAS positions are not covered by the act. For example, the act 
does not apply to members of multi-member boards or commissions, such 
as the Securities and Exchange Commission. 

[9] 5 U.S.C. §§ 3345-3349d. 

[10] http://www.gao.gov/legal.htm. 

[11] Seventy-three of the SES positions were new allocations effective 
March 2007. 

[12] The Transportation SES is the pay plan TSA has for its senior 
executives. It provides higher pay levels than the governmentwide SES 
pay plan. 

[13] Two other offices experienced a similar turnover. US-VISIT lost 3 
of 9 senior-level employees in 2005 and 1 of 6 in 2006; 
the Office of the Undersecretary for Science and Technology lost 3 of 
10 in 2005 and 4 of 8 in 2006. 

[14] The President's Management Agenda consists of five initiatives 
with the purpose of "improving the management and performance of the 
federal government." 

[15] GAO, Human Capital: Key Principles for Effective Strategic 
Workforce Planning, GAO-04-39 (Washington, D.C.: December 2003). 

[16] GAO, Veterans Benefits Administration: Better Staff Attrition Data 
and Analysis Needed, GAO-03-452T (Washington, D.C.: February 2003). 

[17] GAO, Human Capital: Effective Use of Flexibilities Can Assist 
Agencies in Managing their Workforces, GAO-03-2 (Washington, D.C.: 
December 2002). 

[18] We did not find instances of DHS's use of student loan repayments 
in the CPDF because they had invalid CPDF codes, which prevented us 
from counting them as permanent employees; 
we reviewed the use of flexibilities for permanent employees only. 

[19] The increase in individual and group cash awards by TSA could be 
related to their plan to give most TSO's a cash bonus from April 
through October of 2006. 

[20] For purposes of the GAO survey on flexibilities, we collected data 
separately for DHS Headquarters and the Management Directorate; 
however, the CPDF captures data for these two organizational components 
together as DHS Headquarters. As a result, our survey data reflect 14 
components and the CPDF data reflect 13 components. 

[21] In comparison, the basic pay rate for members of the SES in 2006 
ranged from $109,808 to $165,200, depending on the agency. 

[22] 5 U.S.C. §§ 3371-76. 

[23] 5 C.F.R. pt. 334. 

[24] The Hatch Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 7321-6, generally prohibits executive 
branch employees from running as candidates for election to a partisan 
political office; 
soliciting, accepting, or receiving political contributions; 
and engaging in political activities while on duty. 

[25] GAO, Homeland Security: DHS Needs to Improve Ethics-Related 
Management Controls for the Science and Technology Directorate, GAO-06-
206 (Washington, D.C.: December 2005). 

[26] Authorization to acquire the personal services of experts and 
consultants is included in section 832 of the Homeland Security Act, 6 
U.S.C. § 392. This section includes authority to use personal service 
contracts, including authority to contract without regard to the pay 
limitation of 5 U.S.C. § 3109 when the services are necessary due to an 
urgent homeland security need. 

[27] 22 U.S.C. § 2386. 

[28] GAO, Federal Vacancies Reform Act: Key Elements for Agency 
Procedures for Complying with the Act, GAO-03-806 (Washington, D.C.: 
July 2003). 

[29] Under the Vacancies Reform Act, the first assistant becomes the 
acting officer unless the President directs someone else who meets one 
of the listed qualifications to serve in that role. 

[30] See GAO-03-806. 

[31] GAO, OPM's Central Personnel Data File: Data Appears Sufficiently 
Reliable to Meet Most Customer Needs, GAO/GGD-98-199 (Washington, D.C.: 
September 1998). 

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