1- See, for example, Reengineering for Results: Keys to Success From Government Experience, Center for Information Management, National Academy of Public Administration, 1994 (along with its 1995 update); Creating a Government That Works Better & Costs Less: Reengineering Through Information Technology, National Performance Review, 1993 (with annual update reports); and Reengineering Organizations: Results of a GAO Symposium (GAO/NSIAD-95-34, December 1994)

2- Executive Guide: Improving Mission Performance Through Strategic Information Management and Technology (GAO/AIMD-94-115, May 1994).

3- OMB Memorandum of October 25, 1996, ‘"Funding Information Systems Investments," often referred to as the "Raines’ Rules."

4- We use the word "agency" throughout this guide to refer generically to any federal department, agency, bureau, or office.

5- The performance improvement approach specified by GPRA is consistent with how successful public and private sector organizations pursued management reform initiatives and became more results-oriented. See Executive Guide: Effectively Implementing the Government Performance and Results Act (GAO/GGD-96-118, June 1996).