Summary
The Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) contains EPA's scientific position on the potential human health effects of exposure to more than 540 chemicals. IRIS is a critical component of EPA's capacity to support scientifically sound environmental decisions, policies, and regulations. GAO was asked to examine (1) the outcome of steps EPA has taken to ensure that IRIS contains current, credible chemical risk information, to address the backlog of ongoing assessments, and to respond to new requirements from the Office of Management and Budget (OMB); and (2) the potential effects of planned changes to the IRIS assessment process on EPA's ability to ensure that IRIS provides current, credible risk information. To do this work, GAO reviewed and analyzed EPA data and interviewed officials at relevant agencies.
EPA's actions since 2000 to ensure that IRIS contains current, credible risk information, to address its backlog of 70 ongoing assessments, and to respond to new OMB requirements--including increasing funding and revising the assessment process--have not enabled EPA to routinely complete credible IRIS assessments or decrease its backlog. Although in fiscal years 2006 and 2007 EPA sent 32 assessments to OMB for the first of three required external reviews, EPA finalized only 4 assessments during this period. This low level of productivity jeopardizes the viability of the IRIS database. Further, an EPA analysis indicated that many existing assessments may need to be updated, and EPA program offices and other IRIS users have requested assessments of hundreds of chemicals not yet in IRIS. Factors contributing to EPA's inability to complete IRIS assessments in a timely manner include new OMB-required reviews of IRIS assessments by OMB and other federal agencies; certain EPA management decisions, such as delaying some assessments to await new research; and the compounding effect of delays--even one delay can have a domino effect, requiring the process to essentially be repeated to incorporate changing science. As of December 2007, most of the 70 ongoing assessments had been in progress for over 5 years. Regarding new OMB requirements, the IRIS assessment process now includes two OMB/interagency reviews of draft assessments. These reviews have resulted in involvement of other federal agencies in EPA's IRIS assessment process in a manner that limits the credibility of IRIS assessments and hinders EPA's ability to manage them. That is, the OMB/interagency reviews lack transparency--OMB considers agencies' comments on IRIS assessments to be internal executive branch documents that may not be made public. Given the importance of IRIS assessments, it is essential that input from all parties, including other federal agencies, be part of the public record. Transparency is especially important because agencies providing input include those that may be affected by the assessments should they lead to regulatory or other actions. Also, without communicating its rationale for doing so, OMB directed EPA to terminate five assessments that for the first time addressed acute, rather than chronic, exposure--even though EPA initiated this type of assessment to help it implement the Clean Air Act. Most OMB/interagency reviews completed to date have added 6 or more months to the IRIS time frames. Such delays and credibility concerns would likely be exacerbated by further changes EPA is planning to respond to continuing concerns of other federal agencies, such as providing them with an expanded role in EPA's IRIS assessment process and discretion to suspend assessments to develop new studies for some chemicals. EPA estimates that such assessments would take up to 6 years, an estimate GAO believes is conservative in light of the assessment time frames under the current process. Suspending assessments is inefficient; alternatively, with longer-term planning, EPA could provide agencies and the public with more advance notice of assessments, enabling them to complete relevant research before IRIS assessments are started.
Recommendations
Our recommendations from this work are listed below with a Contact for more information. Status will change from "In process" to "Open," "Closed - implemented," or "Closed - not implemented" based on our follow up work.
Director:
Team:
Phone:
John B. Stephenson
Government Accountability Office: Natural Resources and Environment
(202) 512-6225
Recommendations for Executive Action
Recommendation: To develop timely chemical risk information that EPA needs to effectively conduct its mission, the Administrator, EPA, should require the Office of Research and Development to re-evaluate its draft proposed changes to the IRIS assessment process in light of the issues raised in this report and ensure that any revised process clearly defines and documents a streamlined IRIS assessment process that can be conducted within time frames that minimize the need for wasteful rework and carefully considers the trade-off between the benefits of changes that involve additional steps and time--including the development of enhanced uncertainty analyses and other emerging assessment methods--and the impacts of these changes on EPA's ability to complete timely chemical assessments.
Agency Affected: Environmental Protection Agency
Status: In process
Comments: When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
Recommendation: To develop timely chemical risk information that EPA needs to effectively conduct its mission, the Administrator, EPA, should require the Office of Research and Development to re-evaluate its draft proposed changes to the IRIS assessment process in light of the issues raised in this report and ensure that any revised process establishes a policy that endorses conducting IRIS assessments on the basis of peer-reviewed scientific studies available at the time of the assessment and develops criteria for allowing assessments to be suspended to await the completion of scientific studies only under exceptional circumstances.
Agency Affected: Environmental Protection Agency
Status: In process
Comments: When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
Recommendation: To develop timely chemical risk information that EPA needs to effectively conduct its mission, the Administrator, EPA, should require the Office of Research and Development to re-evaluate its draft proposed changes to the IRIS assessment process in light of the issues raised in this report and ensure that any revised process establishes IRIS assessment needs to provide at least 2 years' notice of assessments that are planned, including criteria for making exceptions to the advance notifications, if needed.
Agency Affected: Environmental Protection Agency
Status: In process
Comments: When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
Recommendation: To develop timely chemical risk information that EPA needs to effectively conduct its mission, the Administrator, EPA, should require the Office of Research and Development to re-evaluate its draft proposed changes to the IRIS assessment process in light of the issues raised in this report and ensure that any revised process sets time limits for all parties, including OMB and other federal agencies, to provide comments to EPA on draft IRIS assessments.
Agency Affected: Environmental Protection Agency
Status: In process
Comments: When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
Recommendation: To develop timely chemical risk information that EPA needs to effectively conduct its mission, the Administrator, EPA, should require the Office of Research and Development to re-evaluate its draft proposed changes to the IRIS assessment process in light of the issues raised in this report and ensure that any revised process periodically assesses the level of resources that should be dedicated to this significant program to meet user needs and maintain a viable IRIS database.
Agency Affected: Environmental Protection Agency
Status: In process
Comments: When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
Recommendation: In addition, the EPA Administrator should take steps to better ensure that EPA has the ability to develop transparent, credible IRIS chemical assessments--an ability that relies in large part on EPA's independence in conducting these important assessments. Actions that are key to this ability include ensuring that EPA can determine the types of IRIS assessments to conduct on the basis of the needs of EPA's program offices and other users.
Agency Affected: Environmental Protection Agency
Status: In process
Comments: When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
Recommendation: In addition, the EPA Administrator should take steps to better ensure that EPA has the ability to develop transparent, credible IRIS chemical assessments--an ability that relies in large part on EPA's independence in conducting these important assessments. Actions that are key to this ability include ensuring that EPA can define the appropriate role of external federal agencies in EPA's IRIS assessment process and manage an interagency review process in a manner that enhances the quality, transparency, timeliness, and credibility of IRIS assessments, including determining when interagency issues have been appropriately addressed.
Agency Affected: Environmental Protection Agency
Status: In process
Comments: When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
Recommendation: In addition, the EPA Administrator should take steps to better ensure that EPA has the ability to develop transparent, credible IRIS chemical assessments--an ability that relies in large part on EPA's independence in conducting these important assessments. Actions that are key to this ability include ensuring that EPA has the ability to provide comments by OMB and other federal agencies on draft IRIS assessments to decision makers, the Congress, and the public.
Agency Affected: Environmental Protection Agency
Status: In process
Comments: When we confirm what actions the agency has taken in response to this recommendation, we will provide updated information.
