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entitled 'Uncertain Political and Security Situation Challenges U.S. 
Efforts to Implement a Comprehensive Strategy in Yemen' which was 
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United States Government Accountability Office:
GAO: 

Report to Congressional Committees: 

February 2012: 

Uncertain Political and Security Situation Challenges U.S. Efforts to 
Implement a Comprehensive Strategy in Yemen: 

GAO-12-432R: 

United States Government Accountability Office: 
Washington, DC 20548: 

February 29, 2012: 

Congressional Committees: 

Subject: Uncertain Political and Security Situation Challenges U.S. 
Efforts to Implement a Comprehensive Strategy in Yemen: 

Yemen is an important U.S. partner in the fight against terrorism and 
violent extremism. According to U.S. officials, al Qaeda in the 
Arabian Peninsula (AQAP)--which is based in Yemen--is one of the top 
national security threats facing the United States. AQAP has shown the 
intent and capability to carry out attacks against U.S. targets both 
in Yemen and in the United States, including the September 2008 
bombing of the U.S. embassy in the Yemen capital, Sanaa, and the 
failed attempts to blow up a U.S.-bound airplane in December 2009 and 
to send packages containing explosives on two separate airplanes bound 
for the United States in October 2010. Further, Yemen faces severe 
economic and social challenges, such as escalating unemployment at a 
time when over half of the population is under 18 years old. These 
challenges have not only made the country internally unstable, they 
have also created an attractive environment for recruiting militants. 
As a result, in recent years, U.S policymakers have dedicated greater 
attention and resources to addressing threats emanating from Yemen. 

Recognizing both the variety of threats emanating from Yemen, as well 
as the significant increase in U.S. assistance to Yemen, a Senate 
report directed the Comptroller General to, among other things, review 
this assistance.[Footnote 1] This report describes (1) U.S. strategies 
and activities for assistance to Yemen and (2) the amounts and types 
of assistance that the U.S. government has provided to Yemen since 
fiscal year 2007. This description does not include information 
related to any covert activities that the United States may fund in 
Yemen. To address these objectives, we analyzed budget and financial 
data from the Department of State (State), the U.S. Agency for 
International Development (USAID), and the Department of Defense 
(DOD), which have provided the vast majority of U.S. assistance to 
Yemen. In addition, we reviewed governmentwide and agency-specific 
documents related to assistance to Yemen and interviewed relevant 
officials from each agency. Enclosure I contains additional 
information on our scope and methodology. 

We conducted this performance audit from August 2011 to February 2012 
in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. 
Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain 
sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our 
findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe 
that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our 
findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. 

Summary: 

According to senior State officials, the overarching U.S. policy goal 
in Yemen is to create a stable and secure state. To achieve that goal, 
the U.S. assistance strategy has for years included both a security 
element focused on counterterrorism activities and a civilian element 
focused on development activities. In 2009, in response to the 
increasing economic, social, and political challenges facing Yemen, 
the U.S. government undertook a comprehensive review of its policy 
toward Yemen. This review led to a whole-of-government strategy that 
still includes both security and civilian assistance, but that, 
according to U.S. officials, is more integrated than in prior years. 
The strategy seeks to simultaneously address security needs as well as 
the underlying economic, social, and political grievances that can 
lead to violent extremism. U.S. officials told us that assistance 
activities under this strategy have had to adjust to the changing 
security situation on the ground. Further, officials told us they have 
recently begun reviewing the strategy itself in light of the political 
changes under way in Yemen. 

Since fiscal year 2007, U.S. agencies have allocated more than $642 
million in security[Footnote 2] and civilian assistance to Yemen. 
Specifically, DOD, State, and USAID have allocated approximately $326 
million for security assistance and more than $316 million for 
civilian assistance. Allocations reached their peak in fiscal year 
2010, after a failed bomb attack on a U.S.-bound airline by a Yemeni-
trained Nigerian citizen in December 2009. In fiscal year 2011, 
however, allocations declined sharply due primarily to the political 
turmoil in Yemen and the difficulty of implementing training and 
equipping programs in such an environment, according to U.S. officials. 

Background: 

Yemen is the most impoverished country in the Middle East and North 
Africa region, faced with numerous economic and social challenges. 
With a mostly mountainous interior, the country has a scarcity of 
natural resources and is facing both severe water and fuel shortages. 
Oil is Yemen's primary export, but oil production is in a steady 
decline. U.S. officials estimate that at least 43 percent of the 
population lives on less than $2 per day. More than half of the 
population of 23 million is under 18 years of age, and, according to 
UN estimates, the total population is projected to double before the 
year 2040. In addition, according to the World Bank, the overall 
literacy rate is approximately 60 percent. USAID's 2010-2012 Yemen 
Country Strategy reports that the capacity of the Yemeni government to 
provide services is weak and is further undermined by widespread 
corruption and the growing population pressure. Moreover, internal 
conflicts have created over 400,000 internally displaced persons 
throughout Yemen in need of not only basic government services but 
also humanitarian assistance. 

These economic and social challenges are exacerbated by the political 
tensions Yemen has experienced for years. Since shortly after the 
unification of North Yemen and South Yemen in 1990, the government has 
countered secessionist movements in the south. In addition, the 
government has had long-standing conflicts with various tribes, most 
notably with the Houthi tribe in the north. Beginning in early 2011, 
mass protests against the 33-year regime of President Ali Abdullah 
Saleh added to the unrest in the country (see figure 1). Many of these 
protests ended in bloodshed when government troops fired on the 
protesters or clashed with troops that had sided with the protesters. 
In late November, after repeated vows to step aside, Saleh signed an 
agreement put forth by the Gulf Cooperation Council[Footnote 3] laying 
out a transfer of power to his Vice President and calling for 
elections within 90 days. Protests have continued, however, over the 
agreement's immunity provision for Saleh and his subordinates. 

Figure 1: Recent Yemeni Political Events (2011-2012): 

[Refer to PDF for image: timeline] 

January 2011: 
Mass protests against the Saleh regime begin.  

March 2011: 
Saleh dismisses his cabinet.  

April 2011: 
Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) proposes agreement on power transition. 

May 2011:  
Opposition coalition and ruling party members, with the exception of 
Saleh, sign the transition agreement. 

June 2011: 
Assassination attempt on Saleh, he leaves to seek medical attention in 
Saudi Arabia. 

September 2011: 
Saleh returns to Yemen.  

November 2011: 
Saleh signs the GCC agreement.  

December 2011: 
National Consensus Government holds first cabinet meeting. 

January 2012: 
Yemen Parliament approves immunity from prosecution for Saleh and 
subordinates. 

Saleh departs Yemen to seek medical attention in the United States.  

February 2012: 
Former Vice President Hadi elected President of Yemen. 

Source: GAO analysis of State and other public Information. 

[End of figure] 

Various U.S. agencies have worked with the government of Yemen to try 
to address these economic, social, and political challenges. In 
particular, State and USAID have led development and humanitarian 
activities while State and DOD have conducted counterterrorism 
activities. Amidst the political turmoil of 2011, the Yemeni 
government struggled to address the terrorist challenges throughout 
the country, although it increased its cooperation with the United 
States on intelligence sharing and counterterrorism operations, 
according to U.S. officials. 

U.S. Assistance Strategy Emphasizes Both Security and Civilian 
Assistance: 

U.S. assistance strategy and activities support the U.S. goal of a 
stable and secure Yemen. In 2009, the U.S. government undertook a 
comprehensive review of its policy toward Yemen. The result was an 
integrated strategy that emphasizes both security and civilian 
assistance. According to State officials, this assistance strategy is 
twofold as follows: 

* Strengthen Yemen's ability to promote security and minimize threats. 
DOD security assistance activities have been focused on building 
Yemeni counterterrorism capacity. According to DOD officials, DOD's 
activities have helped its Yemeni counterparts take direct 
counterterrorism action, increase their border security, and build 
both airlift and maritime capacity. However, they also said that in 
2011 DOD suspended the majority of its security-related activities due 
to the deteriorating security situation. For example, DOD officials 
told us they had to stop the large training component of their 
assistance, because it was no longer safe to keep the trainers in 
Yemen. 

* Mitigate economic crisis and governance deficiencies. USAID has led 
the implementation of civilian assistance activities. Prior to 2010, 
USAID activities focused on sector-based development interventions, 
such as separate programs for health or education, in five remote, 
impoverished, rural governorates. Given the deteriorating security 
context and the escalating development challenges, USAID determined 
that a new stabilization approach was necessary, transitioning to more 
integrated activities addressing the key grievances and drivers of 
instability in targeted, disadvantaged communities. Under this 
strategy, for example, the Community Livelihoods Program brings 
programs for health, education, and poverty reduction together under 
one implementation mechanism. In addition, USAID shifted the 
geographic focus of its programs. According to USAID officials, the 
deteriorating security situation denied program implementers access to 
certain areas, and they could not travel or establish a long-term 
presence in more remote locales. As a result, USAID began to focus 
assistance activities on large urban areas, which were more secure and 
accessible. Officials added that the collapse of government services, 
decline in economic activity, and other drivers of instability were 
also greatest in these areas, providing USAID the greatest potential 
for maximizing the impact of its interventions. 

Given Yemen's ongoing political unrest and security situation, U.S. 
officials told us they are monitoring developments as they relate to 
future assistance activities. State and USAID officials said that the 
overall twofold U.S. assistance strategy continues to guide their 
planning, but that under a directive from the National Security 
Council, they have also recently begun a new interagency strategic 
development process. They expect this process to last several months 
and will allow agencies to react to the situation on the ground 
following the recent February 2012 presidential elections. DOD 
officials also said that once DOD is able to fully resume security 
assistance activities in Yemen, it will continue to work toward its 
goal of building Yemeni counterterrorism capacity. However, both State 
and DOD officials expressed some concerns about future security 
assistance activities, including identifying who will be the key U.S. 
partners in the Yemeni security forces. Until 2011, the United States 
trained and equipped specialized security forces focused on 
counterterrorism that members of the Saleh family led. While the 
implementing mechanism for the Gulf Cooperation Council political 
transition agreement calls for the reorganization of the armed 
services, it is unclear how or when the military will be reorganized 
and who will lead it. 

U.S. Agencies Have Allocated More Than $642 Million in Security and 
Civilian Assistance to Yemen Since Fiscal Year 2007, Peaking in 2010: 

Against the backdrop of security threats and worsening economic and 
humanitarian conditions, DOD, State, and USAID have allocated more 
than $642 million in security and civilian assistance to Yemen since 
fiscal year 2007 (see fig. 2). Security assistance has focused largely 
on counterterrorism and border security activities, including training 
and the provision of transport planes and helicopters, spare parts, 
and ammunition. Civilian assistance has sought to address economic, 
social, and political inequities largely through development and 
humanitarian activities targeted at vulnerable populations. (See 
enclosure II for more detailed information on U.S. security and 
civilian assistance since fiscal year 2007.) 

Figure 2: Total Allocations of U.S. Assistance to Yemen, Fiscal Years 
2007-2011: 

[Refer to PDF for image: stacked vertical bar graph] 

Fiscal Year: 2007; 
Total civilian assistance: $22 million; 
Total security assistance: $40 million. 

Fiscal Year: 2008; 
Total civilian assistance: $18 million; 
Total security assistance: $8 million. 

Fiscal Year: 2009; 
Total civilian assistance: $51 million; 
Total security assistance: $73 million. 

Fiscal Year: 2010; 
Total civilian assistance: $123 million; 
Total security assistance: $176 million. 

Fiscal Year: 2011; 
Total civilian assistance: $103 million; 
Total security assistance: $30 million. 

Source: GAO analysis of DOD, USAID, and State data. Figures for fiscal 
years 2007-2011 are current as of 9/30/11. 

[End of figure] 

As shown in figure 2, allocations of U.S. assistance peaked in fiscal 
year 2010. U.S. officials told us the significant increase in fiscal 
year 2010 was largely in response to the attempted bombing of a U.S.-
bound airplane on Christmas Day, 2009. In fiscal year 2011, however, 
overall allocations declined significantly. State and DOD officials 
said this decline was due primarily to the political turmoil in Yemen 
and the difficulty of providing training in an insecure environment. 
While many civilian assistance activities continued operating in 2011, 
DOD officials suspended the majority of security assistance 
activities. Despite continued political unrest and security concerns, 
agencies plan to provide significant security and civilian assistance 
to Yemen in both fiscal years 2012 and 2013.[Footnote 4] 

Concluding Observations: 

Terrorist threats emanating from Yemen have been a concern to U.S. 
policymakers for more than a decade. To help the government of Yemen 
counteract the threat posed by AQAP as well as other crises, the 
United States has provided assistance in a variety of areas, including 
security assistance to Yemeni military and counterterrorism units. To 
mitigate the effects of economic and humanitarian crises facing Yemen, 
State and USAID have provided development, humanitarian, and other 
assistance. While the United States continued to provide assistance 
through 2011, and remains committed to assisting Yemen in 2012, 
instability in Yemen forced U.S. agencies to adjust and, in some 
cases, reduce, their planned assistance, according to U.S. officials. 
Significant uncertainties, however, persist regarding the outcome of 
the ongoing political transition in Yemen and the identity of future 
U.S. partners in Yemeni security forces. These uncertainties may 
present challenges to U.S. agencies in developing appropriate 
assistance plans and delivering assistance in support of U.S. policy 
goals. 

Agency Comments: 

We provided a draft of this report to DOD, State, and USAID for 
review. None provided formal comments, although each one provided 
technical comments, which we have incorporated where appropriate. 

We are sending copies of this report to the appropriate congressional 
committees, the Secretaries of Defense and State, and the 
Administrator of USAID. The report is available at no charge on the 
GAO website at [hyperlink, http://www.gao.gov]. 

If you or your staff members have any questions about this report, 
please contact me at (202) 512-7331 or johnsoncm@gao.gov. Contact 
points for our Offices of Congressional Relations and Public Affairs 
may be found on the last page of this report. GAO staff who made key 
contributions to this report are listed in enclosure IV. 

Signed by: 

Charles Michael Johnson, Jr.
Director, International Affairs & Trade: 

Enclosures (4): 

List of Committees: 

The Honorable Carl Levin:
Chairman:
The Honorable John McCain:
Ranking Member:
Committee on Armed Services:
United States Senate: 

The Honorable John F. Kerry:
Chairman:
The Honorable Richard G. Lugar:
Ranking Member:
Committee on Foreign Relations:
United States Senate: 

The Honorable Howard P. McKeon:
Chairman:
The Honorable Adam Smith:
Ranking Member:
Committee on Armed Services:
House of Representatives: 

The Honorable Ileana Ros-Lehtinen:
Chairman:
The Honorable Howard L. Berman:
Ranking Member:
Committee on Foreign Affairs:
House of Representatives: 

[End of section] 

Enclosure I: Scope and Methodology: 

To describe U.S. strategies and activities for assistance to Yemen, we 
reviewed relevant documents from the Department of State (State) and 
the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) including 
Mission Strategic and Resource Plans and Operational Plans for fiscal 
years 2007-2012. We also interviewed relevant officials from State, 
USAID, and the Department of Defense (DOD) in Washington, D.C. 

To describe the amounts and types of assistance that the U.S. 
government has provided to Yemen since fiscal year 2007, we analyzed 
budget and financial data, including Congressional Budget 
Justifications, from State, DOD, and the USAID Mission in Sanaa. In 
particular, State provided data on the status of allocations, 
obligations, unobligated balances, and disbursements as of September 
30, 2011, for all of the funding accounts that support civilian 
assistance in Yemen, as well as those security assistance accounts 
that State administers (Foreign Military Financing; International 
Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement; International Military 
Education and Training; and Nonproliferation, Antiterrorism, Demining 
and Related Programs). State collected the data directly from each 
account's manager if it was a State-implemented account and from the 
USAID Mission if it was a USAID-implemented account. DOD collected and 
provided data on the security-related accounts that DOD implements. 
All data are on overt activities and are nominal numbers that have not 
been adjusted for inflation. Recognizing that different agencies may 
use slightly different accounting terms, we provided each agency with 
the definitions from GAO's A Glossary of Terms Used in the Federal 
Budget Process (GAO-05-734SP) and requested that each agency provide 
the relevant data according to those definitions. To assess the 
reliability of the data provided, we requested and reviewed 
information from officials from each agency regarding the agency's 
underlying financial data system(s) and the checks, controls, and 
reviews used to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the data 
provided. For purposes of this report, we determined that the data 
provided were sufficiently reliable. 

For the detailed account information we include in this report's 
enclosures, we chose a selection of accounts that included 
consideration of these factors: (1) the overall level of assistance 
provided to Yemen since fiscal year 2007 (2) significant shifts or 
changes in funding levels between fiscal years, and (3) category or 
type of assistance (i.e., security, civilian, bilateral, and 
humanitarian, etc.). 

We conducted this performance audit from August 2011 to February 2012 
in accordance with generally accepted government auditing standards. 
Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain 
sufficient, appropriate evidence to provide a reasonable basis for our 
findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. We believe 
that the evidence obtained provides a reasonable basis for our 
findings and conclusions based on our audit objectives. 

[End of section] 

Enclosure II: 

Overview: U.S. Security Assistance to Yemen: U.S. Agencies Provided 
Over $326 million from Fiscal Years 2007 through 2011: 

Security Assistance Background: 

DOD and State provided security assistance to Yemen primarily in the 
form of counterterrorism and border security training and equipment. 
The major sources of funding for security assistance come from Section 
1206 Authority and Foreign Military Financing, with a large increase 
estimated for International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement 
funds in fiscal year 2012. DOD and State estimate over $36 million in 
bilateral security assistance for fiscal year 2012 but have not 
yet determined the level of assistance from Section 1206 Authority. 

Contingency Security Assistance[Footnote 5]: 

Funding from Section 1206 Authority makes up the contingency security 
assistance going to Yemen and is intended to address U.S. military 
priorities and urgent and emergent counterterrorism and stabilization 
needs. From 2006—-when the 1206 Authority was established-—through 
2010, Yemen was the largest overall recipient of 1206 funds globally. 

Bilateral Security Assistance: 

This assistance is made up of a number of accounts and programs with 
various goals. However, State and DOD officials told us that the 
central focus of bilateral security assistance in Yemen has been to 
enable and assist the counterterrorism strategy currently in place. 

The following slides will include more detailed information on Section 
1206 Authority, Foreign Military Financing, and International 
Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement. Detailed tables for remaining 
accounts can be found in enclosure III. 

From fiscal year 2007 through fiscal year 2011, total allocations of 
security assistance to Yemen were over $326 million (see figure 3). In 
2010, security assistance to Yemen more than doubled as part of an 
effort to combat AQAP and, according to DOD officials, was primarily 
in response to the failed bomb attack on a U.S.-bound airplane by a 
Yemeni-trained terrorist. The main goal of security assistance has 
been to build the Yemeni government’s CT capacity. Section 1206 
Authority provided the majority of this assistance through fiscal year 
2010, but provided no funds in 2011 due to the deteriorating security 
situation, according to DOD officials. 

Figure 3: Allocations of U.S. Security Assistance to Yemen, Fiscal 
Years 2007-2012: 

[Refer to PDF for image: stacked vertical bar graph] 

Fiscal year: 2007; 
Total bilateral security assistance (FMF, NADR, IMET, INCLE): $14 
million; 
Total contingency security assistance: $26 million. 

Fiscal year: 2008; 
Total bilateral security assistance (FMF, NADR, IMET, INCLE): $8 
million. 

Fiscal year: 2009; 
Total bilateral security assistance (FMF, NADR, IMET, INCLE): $6 
million; 
Total contingency security assistance: $67 million. 

Fiscal year: 2010; 
Total bilateral security assistance (FMF, NADR, IMET, INCLE): $21 
million; 
Total contingency security assistance: $155 million. 

Fiscal year: 2011; 
Total bilateral security assistance (FMF, NADR, IMET, INCLE): $30 
million. 

Fiscal year: 2012 estimate[A]; 
Total bilateral security assistance (FMF, NADR, IMET, INCLE): $37 
million. 

Source: GAO analysis of DOD and State data. Figures for fiscal years 
2007-2011 are current as of 9/30/11. Fiscal year 2012 estimates are 
current as of 2/13/12. 

[A] Fiscal year 2012 estimates for Section 1206 are not currently 
available. 

[End of figure] 

According to U.S. officials, security assistance to Yemen includes 
programs funded through the following appropriation accounts managed 
either jointly or separately by DOD and State.[Footnote 6] (Dollar 
figures are total amounts allocated for fiscal years 2007-2011): 

Contingency Security Assistance: 

* Section 1206 Authority ($249 million). 

Bilateral Security Assistance: 

* Foreign Military Financing (FMF) ($48.9 million); 

* Nonproliferation, Antiterrorism, De-mining, and Related Programs 
(NADR) ($20.5 million); 

* International Military Education and Training (IMET) ($5.2 million); 

* International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement (INCLE) ($3.2 
million). 

[End of Overview] 

Status of Funds: Section 1206 Authority: 

Section 1206 Background: 

State and DOD jointly administer Section 1206 assistance. Funded 
from the DOD operation and maintenance account, Section 1206 
funds remain available for 1 year for obligation. Once the period of 
availability for new obligations expires, the funds are available for 
an additional 5 years to liquidate the obligations.[Footnote 7] 

The National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal year 2006, as 
amended, established the authority for Section 1206 programs to train 
and equip foreign military and nonmilitary maritime forces, such as 
coast guards, to conduct counterterrorist operations or to support 
military and stability operations in which the U.S. armed forces are a 
participant.[Footnote 8] 

Beginning in fiscal year 2009, Section 1206 funding became a 
significant source of U.S. security assistance to Yemen. The majority 
of Section 1206 assistance, over 60 percent, was allocated in fiscal 
year 2010. These funds were used to enhance the counterterrorism (CT) 
capability of Yemeni Special Operations Forces and to provide small 
airplanes and helicopters and other aircraft support to the Yemeni 
Air Force to enable it to support Yemeni CT units. 

Status of Funds: Section 1206 Authority: 

* From fiscal year 2007 through fiscal year 2010, State and DOD 
allocated a total of $249 million in Section 1206 assistance for 
Yemen (see fig. 4 and table 1).5 DOD reported that all allotted funds 
had been obligated and $244 million had been disbursed. Funds 
remaining for disbursement from the unliquidated obligation total $4 
million. 

* According to DOD officials, 1206 funds were not allocated to Yemen 
in fiscal year 2008 because other countries such as Pakistan took 
priority. Additionally, no allocation was made in fiscal year 2011 
due to the political unrest that began early that year. Further, DOD 
put the delivery of a CN-235 aircraft and some other equipment on 
hold until U.S. officials determine that delivery is appropriate. 

* State and DOD have not yet determined any 1206 allocation to 
Yemen for fiscal year 2012; funds for this account are requested 
globally, rather than on a country-specific basis. DOD officials said 
that a decision has not yet been reached about whether funds will 
be allotted to Yemen, but they are developing contingency plans for 
that possibility. 

Figure 4: 1206 Assistance to Yemen, Fiscal Years 2007-2012: 

[Refer to PDF for image: vertical bar graph] 

Fiscal year: 2007; 
Allocated: $26 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: $26 million. 

Fiscal year: 2008; 
Allocated: 0; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: 0. 

Fiscal year: 2009; 
Allocated: $67 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $2; 
Disbursed: $65 million. 

Fiscal year: 2010; 
Allocated: $155 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $2 million; 
Disbursed: $153 million. 

Fiscal year: 2011; 
Allocated: 0; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: 0. 

Fiscal year: 2012 estimate[A]; 
Allocated: 0; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: 0. 

Source: GAO analysis of DOD data. Figures current as of 9/30/11. 

[A] State and DOD have not yet determined any allocation to Yemen for 
FY 2012. 1206 funds are requested globally, rather than on a country-
specific basis. 

[End of figure] 

Table 1: 1206 Programs by Fiscal Year of Allocation from 2007 through 
2010, as of 9/30/11: 

Fiscal year 2007: 

Description: Counterterrorism Units and Mobile Training Teams: This 
program was intended to enhance Yemen’s border security capability. It 
included equipment such as cargo transport vehicles, infantry light 
armored vehicles, light tactical wheeled vehicles, spare parts, crisis 
action center equipment, and transportation; 
Value of defense articles and training: $26 million. 

Fiscal year 2009: 

Description: Aerial Surveillance Counterterrorism initiative: This 
program was designed to build the capacity of the Yemini Air Force to 
conduct CT operations by providing aerial surveillance capability for 
internal stability and combating terrorism within and at its borders. 
It included helicopter spare parts and surveillance cameras; 
Value of defense articles and training: $5.9 million. 

Description: Counterterrorism Initiative for Increased Border 
Security: This program was designed to provide the Yemeni Border 
Security Force with the capability to deter, detect, and detain 
terrorists along the Yemen, Saudi Arabia, and Oman borders. It 
included trucks, radio systems and operations/maintenance training; 
Value of defense articles and training: $25.4 million. 

Description: Coast Guard Patrol Maritime Security Counterterrorism 
Initiative: This program is intended to enhance Yemeni Coast Guard 
capability to provide internal stability and CT within its territorial 
waters. It is intended to help build the capacity of Yemen’s maritime 
security forces to conduct CT operations by providing equipment and 
training to the Yemeni Coast Guard to improve its ability to identify, 
detain, and apprehend terrorists, and to respond to terrorist 
incidents within its area of responsibility. Some training and/or 
deliveries are still pending for this program; 
Value of defense articles and training: $30.1 million. 

Description: Explosive Ordnance Disposal Counterterrorism Initiative: 
This program is intended to assist Yemen's Ministry of Defense in 
improving its improvised explosive device ordnance mitigation and 
response to counter resurgence in terrorist activity. Some training 
and/or deliveries are still pending for this program; 
Value of defense articles and training: $5.8 million. 

Fiscal year 2010: 

Description: Special Operations Force Counterterrorism Enhancement 
Package: This program is intended to improve tactical effectiveness of 
Yemeni Special Operations Force (YSOF). The program was intended to 
build the capacity of Yemen’s national military forces to conduct CT 
operations by providing equipment and training to enhance the YSOF’s 
mobility, situational awareness, survivability, communications, and 
tactical proficiency in support of YSOF’s CT mission. It includes 
vehicles, weapons, ammunition, and night vision goggles. Some training 
and/or deliveries are still pending for this program; 
Value of defense articles and training: $34.5 million. 

Description: Rotary-Wing Medium Lift: This program is intended to help 
build the capacity of Yemen’s national military forces to conduct CT 
operations by providing equipment and training to increase Yemen’s 
rotary-wing medium-lift capability. This program is intended to allow 
the Yemen Air Force to transport small units to participate in day- or 
night-time operations at high altitude. It includes Huey II 
helicopters (4), spare parts, maintenance and training. Some training 
and/or deliveries are still pending for this program; 
Value of defense articles and training: $82.8 million. 

Description: Fixed-Wing Tactical Heavy Lift: This program is intended 
to provide equipment and training to improve the operational reach and 
reaction time of CT forces. Includes a CASS CN-235 aircraft for 51 
troops, parts, tools, and maintenance. Some training and/or deliveries 
are still pending for this program; 
Value of defense articles and training: $38 million. 

Source: GAO analysis of DOD data. 

[End of table] 

[End of Status of Funds: Section 1206 Authority] 

Status of Funds: Foreign Military Financing: 

FMF Background: 

State administers FMF funding, with significant input from the 
embassies, DOD, and the regional military commands. DOD’s Defense 
Security Cooperation Agency executes the program. This funding is 
available for obligation for 1 year[Footnote 10] and is considered 
obligated upon apportionment based on annual appropriations bill 
language.[Footnote 11] Once the period of availability for new 
obligations expires, the funds are available for an additional 5 years 
to liquidate the obligations.[Footnote 12] The funds remain entirely 
within the U.S. government until the point at which payments are made 
to defense companies for goods and services rendered. 

FMF provides grants and loans to foreign governments and international 
organizations for the acquisition of U.S. defense equipment, services, 
and training. In Yemen, FMF funds help Yemen’s Air Force to sustain its 
two C-130H aircraft, as well as a handful of its serviceable F-5 
fighter aircraft. The United States also has provided Yemen’s Coast 
Guard with fast response boats (Archangel and Defender Class) using 
FMF grants. FMF funds also are used to supplement training for 
Yemen’s Ministry of Interior Forces, specifically from the U.S.-funded 
Counter Terrorism Unit inside the Central Security Force. 

Status of Funds: Foreign Military Financing: 

* From fiscal year 2007 through fiscal year 2011, State allocated a 
total of $49 million from this account for Yemen (see fig. 5).9 State 
reported that all allocated funds had been obligated and $21 million 
had been disbursed. Funds remaining for disbursement from the 
unliquidated obligation balance total $28 million. 

* According to DOD officials, the security situation on the ground in 
2011 led to discussions about what would be appropriate to provide 
to Yemen. DOD put a hold on some deliveries but resumed 
delivering nonlethal items in September 2011. 

* The estimated fiscal year 2012 funding would keep FMF funding to 
Yemen steady at $20 million. Actual funding may vary from the 
amount estimated. 

Figure 5: FMF Assistance to Yemen, Fiscal Years 2007-2012: 

[Refer to PDF for image: vertical bar graph] 

Fiscal year[A]: 2007; 
Allocated: $0 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Committed/disbursed: $9 million. 

Fiscal year[A]: 2008; 
Allocated: $4 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Committed/disbursed: $4 million. 

Fiscal year[A]: 2009; 
Allocated: $3 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Committed/disbursed: $3 million. 

Fiscal year[A]: 2010; 
Allocated: $13 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $8 million; 
Committed/disbursed: $5 million. 

Fiscal year[A]: 2011; 
Allocated: $20 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $20 million; 
Committed/disbursed: 0. 

Fiscal year[A]: 2012 estimate; 
Allocated: $20 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Committed/disbursed: 0. 

Source: GAO analysis of State data. Figures current as of 9/30/11. 
Fiscal year 2012 estimates are current as of 2/13/12. 

Notes: FMF funds are obligated at the same time they are apportioned. 

[A] Figures in table may not sum correctly due to rounding error. 

[End of figure] 

[End of Status of Funds: Foreign Military Financing] 

Status of Funds: International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement: 

INCLE Background: 

State administers INCLE funding and uses it to assist the 
Government of Yemen in developing its law enforcement and judicial 
capacity. These funds are generally available for obligation for 
2 years. Once the period of availability for new obligations expires, 
the funds are available for an additional 5 years to liquidate the 
obligations.[Footnote 14] 

INCLE funding levels from fiscal years 2007 to 2011 were relatively 
low compared with the funding level requested for fiscal year 2012. 
State expects the 2012 funds to provide technical assistance, 
training, and equipment to Yemen’s civilian law enforcement and 
judicial institutions. Specifically, State intends the funds to support 
efforts to enhance the Yemeni government’s delivery of basic policing 
and justice services that respond to citizens’ crime and public safety 
concerns, particularly in underserved regions, and that combat the 
influence of AQAP. 

Status of Funds: International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement: 

* From fiscal year 2007 through fiscal year 2011, State allocated a 
total of $3.3 million from this account for Yemen (see figure 6). Of 
that 
amount, State reported that $1.5 million had been obligated, and $.4 
million had been disbursed. Funds remaining for disbursement from 
the unliquidated obligation balance total $1 million. From the fiscal 
year 2011 funding, $1.8 million remains to be obligated. 

* As of September 2011, State had not yet obligated or expended 
fiscal year 2011 INCLE funds due to political instability and the 
Embassy’s ordered departure status from March-September 2011. 

* The estimated fiscal year 2012 assistance would significantly 
increase INCLE funding to Yemen for programs that are intended to 
support efforts towards the development of a more responsive, 
professional, and accountable criminal justice system. Actual funding 
may vary from the amount estimated. 

Figure 6: INCLE Assistance to Yemen, Fiscal Years 2007-2012: 

[Refer to PDF for image: vertical bar graph] 

Fiscal year[A]: 2007; 
Allocated: 0; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: 0. 

Fiscal year[A]: 2008; 
Allocated: $0.5 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0.3 million; 
Disbursed: $0.1 million. 

Fiscal year[A]: 2009; 
Allocated: 0; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: 0. 

Fiscal year[A]: 2010; 
Allocated: $1 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0.7 million; 
Disbursed: $0.3 million. 

Fiscal year[A]: 2011; 
Allocated: $1.8 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $1.8 million; 
Disbursed: 0. 

Fiscal year[A]: 2012 estimate; 
Allocated: $11 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: 0. 

Source: GAO analysis of State data. Figures current as of 9/30/11. 
Fiscal year 2012 estimates are current as of 2/13/12. 

[A] Figures in table may not sum correctly due to rounding error. 

[End of figure] 

[End of Status of Funds: International Narcotics Control and Law 
Enforcement] 

Overview: U.S. Civilian Assistance to Yemen 

Civilian Assistance Background: 

The U.S. government, through USAID and State, provides civilian 
assistance to Yemen, including: 

Development Assistance: 

These bilateral accounts primarily fund programs designed by USAID to 
meet the goals of its country strategy. Most recently, funds have been 
drawn upon for various activities under two overarching programs, the 
Community Livelihoods Project (CLP) and the Responsive Governance 
Project (RGP). These are the main implementing mechanisms for USAID’s 
stabilization strategy; the CLP attempts to improve standards of 
living, reduce poverty and unemployment, and improve access to public 
services, while the RGP aims to strengthen government institutions and 
improve the delivery of public services while encouraging more citizen 
participation in the government processes. 

Humanitarian Contingency Assistance: 

State and USAID provide humanitarian assistance to populations 
including internally displaced persons (IDP), refugees, and other 
individuals affected by the conflict in the north and fighting between 
Yemeni forces and militant groups in the south. Current U.S. funding 
supports shelter, food aid, emergency relief supplies, safe water 
supplies, sanitation assistance, camp coordination and management, 
protection, health and nutrition, and medical supplies. 

Other Contingency Assistance: 

Funds under this category have various specific purposes; however, 
they are generally used to provide aid during times of crisis, 
instability, or other similar circumstances. 

The following slides will include more detailed information on some of 
the accounts receiving the largest levels of funding, including ESF, 
DA, GHCS, MRA, and FFP. Detailed figures for remaining accounts can be 
found in enclosure III. 

Overview: U.S. Civilian Assistance to Yemen: 

U.S. Agencies Provided Over $316 million from Fiscal Years 2007 
through 2011: 

From fiscal year 2007 to fiscal year 2011, total allocations of 
civilian assistance to Yemen were over $316 million (see figure 7). 
Civilian assistance funds a variety of programs and activities meant 
to aid vulnerable populations and address the underlying drivers of 
instability in Yemen. Reflecting the increased focus on a whole-of-
government approach, a significant increase in these funds appears in 
fiscal year 2010. In fiscal year 2011, funding dipped slightly but 
remained relatively high compared with years prior to 2010. Estimated 
figures for fiscal year 2012 are not currently available for 
humanitarian and contingency accounts but do include figures for 
accounts under development assistance. However, USAID and State 
officials noted that it’s likely that funding will be provided through 
those accounts in fiscal year 2012, as there will remain a need to 
fund activities such as aiding internally displaced persons, 
increasing institutional capacities, and assisting in any electoral 
technical assistance during any political transition. 

Figure 7: Allocations of U.S. Civilian Assistance to Yemen, Fiscal 
Years 2007-2012: 

[Refer to PDF for image: stacked vertical bar graph] 

Fiscal year: 2007; 
Other contingency assistance: $10 million; 
Humanitarian contingency assistance: $2 million; 
Development assistance: $10 million. 

Fiscal year: 2008; 
Humanitarian contingency assistance: $8 million; 
Development assistance: $9 million. 

Fiscal year: 2009; 
Other contingency assistance: $4 million; 
Humanitarian contingency assistance: $13 million; 
Development assistance: $34 million. 

Fiscal year: 2010; 
Other contingency assistance: $30 million; 
Humanitarian contingency assistance: $45 million; 
Development assistance: $48 million. 

Fiscal year: 2011; 
Other contingency assistance: $5 million; 
Humanitarian contingency assistance: $62 million; 
Development assistance: $36 million. 

Fiscal year: 2012 estimate[A]; 
Development assistance: $33 million. 

Source: GAO analysis of USAID and State data. Figures current as of 
9/30/11. Fiscal year 2012 estimates are current as of 2/13/12. 

[A] Humanitarian and other contingency accounts do not request funds 
on a country-specific basis, so no 2012 estimates are available at 
this time. 

[End of figure] 

According to U.S. officials, civilian assistance to Yemen includes 
programs funded through the following appropriation accounts (Dollar 
figures are total amounts allocated for fiscal years 2007-2011): 

Development Assistance: 

* Economic Support Fund (ESF) ($61.8 million); 

* Development Assistance (DA) ($52.1 million); 

* Global Health and Child Survival-USAID (GHCS) ($22.9 million). 

Humanitarian Contingency Assistance[Footnote 15]: 

* Migration and Refugee Assistance (MRA) ($50.6 million); 

* Food for Peace (FFP) ($37.3 million); 

* International Disaster Assistance (IDA) ($31.7 million); 

* Emergency Refugee and Migration Assistance Fund (ERMA) ($11.4 
million). 

Other Contingency Assistance: 

* Section 1207 Authority ($18.9 million); 

* Complex Crises Fund (CCF) ($12.8 million); 

* Transition Initiatives (TI) ($9.3 million); 

* Middle East Partnership Initiative (ESF) ($3.5 million); 

* Conflict Management and Mitigation (USAID). (Via ESF) ($2.6 million); 

* USAID/DCHA/DG (Via DF) ($ 1.2 million); 

* Conflict Management and Mitigation (USAID). (Via DA) ($ 0.7 million). 

[End of Overview: U.S. Civilian Assistance to Yemen] 

Status of Funds: Development Assistance: 

Civilian Assistance: 

DA Background: 

USAID administers DA-funded programs in Yemen. These funds 
are available for obligation for 2 years. Once the period of 
availability for new obligations expires, the funds are available 
for an additional 5 years to liquidate the obligations.[Footnote 16] 

DA funded programs support U.S. engagement with developing countries 
on critical global issues such as efforts to improve food security and 
to address the causes and impacts of climate change. For example, in 
Yemen, USAID sponsored two women’s political platform development 
workshops promoting female political participation in public policy 
that were attended by 75 women activists and leaders representing 
diverse political parties and affiliations. 

Status of Funds: Development Assistance: 

* From fiscal year 2007 through fiscal year 2011, USAID allocated a 
total of $52 million from this account for Yemen (see fig. 8).13 Of 
that amount, USAID reported that all allocated funds had been obligated 
and $22 million had been disbursed. Funds remaining for disbursement 
from the unliquidated obligations total $30 million. 

* Officials noted that problems with operational security, 
implementation capacity, and ongoing political instability in Yemen in 
2011 created a difficult environment for providing assistance which 
contributed to delays in the implementation and operation of some 
programs. 

* According to State and USAID officials, no funds were requested 
from DA in fiscal years 2011 or 2012 because funds drawn from ESF 
would allow for more programming flexibility and be more appropriate 
for intended uses. 

Figure 8: DA Assistance to Yemen, Fiscal Years 2007-2012: 

[Refer to PDF for image: vertical bar graph] 

Fiscal year: 2007; 
Allocated: $1 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: $1 million. 

Fiscal year: 2008; 
Allocated: $5 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $5 million. 

Fiscal year: 2009; 
Allocated: $11 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: $11 million. 

Fiscal year: 2010; 
Allocated: $35 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $29 million; 
Disbursed: $6 million. 

Fiscal year: 2011; 
Allocated: 0; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: 0. 

Fiscal year: 2012 estimate; 
Allocated: 0; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: 0. 

Source: GAO analysis of USAID and State data. Figures current as of 
9/30/11. Fiscal year 2012 estimates are current as of 2/13/12. 

[End of figure] 

[End of Status of Funds: Development Assistance] 

Status of Funds: Economic Support Fund: 

ESF Background: 

USAID and State offices administer ESF-funded programs in Yemen. These 
funds are available for obligation for 2 years. Once the period of 
availability for new obligations expires, the funds are available for 
an additional 5 years to liquidate the obligations[Footnote 18]. 

The ESF advances U.S. interests by helping countries meet short- and 
long-term political, economic, and security needs. USAID and State 
address these needs through a range of activities, from countering 
terrorism and extremist ideology to increasing the role of the private 
sector in the economy; assisting in the development of effective, 
accessible, independent legal systems; supporting transparent and 
accountable governance; and the empowerment of citizens. For example, 
in Yemen funds have gone to programs such as a 4-year, $17 million 
agreement to provide support in education through the Basic Education 
Support and Training Project. 

Status of Funds: Economic Support Fund: 

* From fiscal year 2007 through fiscal year 2011, USAID allocated a 
total of $62 million from this account for Yemen (see fig. 9).15 Of 
that amount, USAID reported that $35 million had been obligated and 
$29 million had been disbursed. Funds remaining for disbursement 
from the unliquidated obligations total $6.3 million. From the fiscal 
year 2011 funding, $27 million remains to be obligated. 

* Officials noted that problems with operational security, 
implementation capacity, and ongoing political instability in Yemen 
in 2011 created a contentious environment for providing assistance 
which contributed to delays in the implementation and operation of 
some programs. 

* The estimated fiscal year 2012 funding for ESF includes ongoing 
support for programs aligned with USAID’s country strategy in 
Yemen. Actual funding may vary from the amount estimated. 

Figure 9: ESF Assistance to Yemen, Fiscal Years 2007-2012: 

[Refer to PDF for image: vertical bar graph] 

Fiscal year: 2007; 
Allocated: $9 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $1 million; 
Disbursed: $8 million. 

Fiscal year: 2008; 
Allocated: $2 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $2 million. 

Fiscal year: 2009; 
Allocated: $20 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $1 million; 
Disbursed: $19 million. 

Fiscal year: 2010; 
Allocated: $5 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $5 million; 
Disbursed: 0. 

Fiscal year: 2011; 
Allocated: $27 million; 
Unobligated balance: $27 million; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: 0. 

Fiscal year: 2012 estimate; 
Allocated: $27 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: 0. 

Source: GAO analysis of USAID and State data. Figures current as of 
9/30/11. Fiscal year 2012 estimates are current as of 2/13/12. 

[End of figure] 

[End of Status of Funds: Economic Support Fund] 

Status of Funds: Global Health and Child Survival--USAID: 

GHCS Background: 

USAID administers GHCS-funded programs in Yemen. These funds 
are available for obligation for 2 years. Once the period of 
availability for new obligations expires, the funds are available for 
an additional 5 years to liquidate the obligations.[Footnote 20] 

The GHCS account funds health-related foreign assistance. Investments 
in global health strengthen fragile or failing states, promote social 
and economic progress, and support the rise of capable partners that 
can help to solve regional and global problems. In 2011, the Community 
Livelihoods Project used GHCS funds to provide 11 Yemen Ministry of 
Health Mobile Medical Teams with essential equipment, medical 
supplies, and materials. The teams provide needed primary health care 
services to over 4,000 patients per month. 

Status of Funds: Global Health and Child Survival--USAID: 

* From fiscal year 2007 through fiscal year 2011, USAID allocated a 
total of $23 million from this account for Yemen (see figure 10). 
[Footnote 21] Of that amount, USAID reported that $14 million had been 
obligated and $6 million had been disbursed. Funds remaining for 
disbursement from the unliquidated obligations total $8 million. From 
the fiscal year 2011 funding, $9 million remains to be obligated. 

* Officials noted that problems with operational security, 
implementation capacity, and ongoing political instability in Yemen 
in 2011 created a difficult environment for providing assistance 
which contributed to delays in the implementation and operation of 
some programs. 

* The estimated fiscal year 2012 funding for GHCS includes ongoing 
support for programs aligned with USAID’s country strategy in 
Yemen. Actual funding may vary from the amount estimated. 

Figure 10: GHCS Assistance to Yemen, Fiscal Years 2007-2012: 

[Refer to PDF for image: vertical bar graph] 

Fiscal year: 2007; 
Allocated: 0; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: 0. 

Fiscal year: 2008; 
Allocated: $3 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $3 million. 

Fiscal year: 2009; 
Allocated: $3 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: $3 million. 

Fiscal year: 2010; 
Allocated: $8 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $7 million; 
Disbursed: $1 million. 

Fiscal year: 2011; 
Allocated: $9 million; 
Unobligated balance: $9 million; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: 0. 

Fiscal year: 2012 estimate; 
Allocated: $6 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: 0. 

Source: GAO analysis of USAID and State data. Figures current as of 
9/30/11. Fiscal year 2012 estimates are current as of 2/13/12. 

[End of figure] 

[End of Status of Funds: Global Health and Child Survival--USAID] 

Status of Funds: Migration and Refugee Assistance: 

MRA Background: 

State administers MRA funding. These funds are generally 
considered “no year” money and remain available until expended. 

The MRA supports programs of international humanitarian organizations 
such as the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), as well as 
nongovernmental organization partners to address pressing humanitarian 
needs. These funds support programs that meet basic needs to sustain 
life and provide protection and assistance to the most vulnerable, 
particularly women and children and the elderly. 

In Yemen, U.S. humanitarian partners provide protection services, 
basic assistance, and education to IDPs, conflict victims, and refugees 
and migrants from the Horn of Africa who have fled to Yemen. In 2011, 
UNHCR reported assisting over 460,000 IDPs in Yemen, and does not 
expect a large number of returns in 2012 due to ongoing unrest and 
security concerns, as well as a lack of infrastructure or services in 
IDPs’ areas of origin. 

Status of Funds: Migration and Refugee Assistance: 

* From fiscal year 2007 through fiscal year 2011, State allocated a 
total of $51 million from this account for Yemen (see figure 11). 
[Footnote 22] State reported that all allocated funds had been 
obligated and that $48 million had been disbursed. Funds remaining for 
disbursement from the unliquidated obligations total $2 million. 

* According to State officials, some factors that might contribute to 
higher levels of disbursement from some humanitarian accounts such as 
MRA, include the fact these programs are focused on humanitarian 
interventions, which require a quick response by partners, have a 
specific set of interventions with standard approaches, are focused on 
IDPs and conflict victims, and have a more experienced/established set 
of implementers and staff. 

* Although the fiscal year 2012 budget request for MRA does not 
identify a country-specific amount for Yemen, it does indicate that it 
includes support for Yemeni IDPs and conflict victims affected by the 
civil war in northern Yemen. This assistance will continue to focus 
primarily on providing shelter, food and water, medical care, 
protection services, and other emergency assistance. 

Figure 11: MRA Assistance to Yemen, Fiscal Years 2007-2012: 

[Refer to PDF for image: vertical bar graph] 

Fiscal year[A]: 2007; 
Allocated: $1 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: $1 million. 

Fiscal year[A]: 2008; 
Allocated: $3 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $3 million. 

Fiscal year[A]: 2009; 
Allocated: $10 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: $10 million. 

Fiscal year[A]: 2010; 
Allocated: $13 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: $13 million. 

Fiscal year[A]: 2011; 
Allocated: $23 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $2 million; 
Disbursed: $20 million. 

Fiscal year[A]: 2012 estimate[B]; 
Allocated: 0; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: 0. 

Source: GAO analysis of USAID and State data. Figures current as of 
9/30/11. 

Note: MRA funds are not appropriated or allotted at the country level, 
and funding is determined internally each year. There are therefore no 
unobligated balances for Yemen. 

[A] Figures in table may not sum correctly due to rounding error. 

[B] According to agency officials, MRA funds are requested globally, 
rather than on a country-specific basis. State has not yet determined 
any MRA allocation to Yemen for fiscal year 2012. 

[End of figure] 

[End of Status of Funds: Migration and Refugee Assistance] 

Status of Funds: Food for Peace: 

FFP Background: 

USAID administers FFP funding. The funds are considered “no year” 
money and remain available until expended. 

Title II of the Food for Peace Act authorizes the provision of direct 
donation of U.S. agricultural commodities for emergency relief and 
development around the world and funds nonemergency, development-
oriented resources to help address the underlying causes of food 
insecurity. 

According to USAID, FFP and its implementing partners support a 
humanitarian response program for meeting existing needs in the north 
resulting from the protracted conflict between Yemini forces and al-
Houthi opposition. This conflict has displaced some hundreds of 
thousands of people and affected at least a million people. IDPs have 
had limited access to food, shelter, education, and health care. 

Status of Funds: Food for Peace: 

* From fiscal year 2007 to fiscal year 2011, USAID allocated a total of 
$37 million from this account for Yemen (see figure 12). USAID 
reported that entire amount as obligated and disbursed. This rate of 
disbursement is higher than that of other accounts reviewed over 
this period. A USAID official noted that a large amount of FFP 
assistance is disbursed by simply purchasing and transporting food, 
which increases the rate of disbursement funds. 

* Food for Peace activities assisted IDPs and conflict-affected 
Yemenis in fiscal year 2011 by providing 17,430 metric tons of food 
assistance to address continuing food needs of those most 
impacted by the conflict in the North. 

* USAID does not allot FFP funds at the country level, and funding is 
determined internally each year. Therefore, no fiscal year 2012 
estimates for Yemen are currently available. 

Figure 12: FFP Assistance to Yemen, Fiscal Years 2007-2012: 

[Refer to PDF for image: vertical bar graph] 

Fiscal year: 2007; 
Allocated: 0; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: 0. 

Fiscal year: 2008; 
Allocated: $2 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $2 million. 

Fiscal year: 2009; 
Allocated: $2 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: $2 million. 

Fiscal year: 2010; 
Allocated: $13 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: $13 million. 

Fiscal year: 2011; 
Allocated: $20 million; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: $20 million. 

Fiscal year: 2012 estimate[A]; 
Allocated: 0; 
Unobligated balance: 0; 
Unliquidated obligations: 0; 
Disbursed: 0. 

Source: GAO analysis of USAID and State data. Figures current as of 
9/30/11. 

[A] USAID has not yet determined any allocation to Yemen for FY 2012. 
FFP funds are requested globally, rather than on a country-specific 
basis. 

[End of figure] 

[End of Status of Funds: Food for Peace] 

[End of Enclosure II] 

Enclosure III: Additional U.S. Assistance to Yemen, By Year of 
Appropriation: 

Security Assistance: 

Bilateral Security Assistance (IMET, NADR): 

Table: International Military Education and Training (IMET): 

FY 07: 
Allocated: $1,006,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $288,000; 
Disbursed: $718,000. 

FY 08: 
Allocated: $945,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $336,000; 
Disbursed: $609,000. 

FY 09: 
Allocated: $1,000,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $396,000; 
Disbursed: $604,000. 

FY 10: 
Allocated: $1,153,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0. 
Unliquidated obligations: $250,000; 
Disbursed: $903,000. 

FY 11: 
Allocated: $1,100,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $899,000; 
Disbursed: $201,000. 

Note: According to State officials, IMET expenditures are not 
finalized until all course costs are paid, which may be years after 
the fiscal year of obligation. 

[End of table] 

Nonproliferation, Antiterrorism, De-mining, and Related Programs 
(NADR): 

There are several programs below funded through the Department of 
State’s NADR appropriations account. For the purposes of our report 
they are listed individually here. 

Table: Antiterrorism Assistance - NADR: 

FY 07: 
Allocated: $1,197,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $421,000; 
Reprogrammed: $0; 
Disbursed: $776,000. 

FY 08: 
Allocated: $744,000; 
Unobligated balance: $5,000; 
Unliquidated obligations: $94,000; 
Reprogrammed: $0; 
Disbursed: $645,000. 

FY 09: 
Allocated: $790,000; 
Unobligated balance: $26,000; 
Unliquidated obligations: $336,000; 
Reprogrammed: $0; 
Disbursed: $428,000. 

FY 10: 
Allocated: $2,000,000; 
Unobligated balance: $52,000. 
Unliquidated obligations: $126,000; 
Reprogrammed: $1,550,000; 
Disbursed: $272,000. 

FY 11: 
Allocated: $2,500,000; 
Unobligated balance: $2,500,000; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Reprogrammed: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

Note: According to State officials, due to internal political unrest 
in Yemen, it was not viable for ATA to continue conducting training 
there in 2011. Accordingly, $1,550,000 of FY 10 NADR-ATA bilateral 
funding was reprogrammed. The provision of training and equipment over 
the last several years in Yemen has become increasingly difficult to 
implement due to Yemen’s complicated security environment. 
Consequently, $5,000 of FY 08 NADR/ATA Yemen funding, $26,000 of FY 09 
NADR/ATA Yemen funding, and $52,000 of FY 10 NADR/ATA Yemen funding 
was not obligated and has expired. 

[End of table] 

Table: Counterterrorism Financing - NADR: 

FY 07: 
Allocated: $300,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $300,000. 

FY 08: 
Allocated: $298,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $298,000. 

FY 09: 
Allocated: $100,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $100,000. 

FY 10: 
Allocated: $375,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $375,000. 

FY 11: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

[End of table] 

Table: Export Control and Related Border Security Assistance - NADR: 

FY 07: 
Allocated: $350,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $350,000. 

FY 08: 
Allocated: $500,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $500,000. 

FY 09: 
Allocated: $410,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $99,000; 
Disbursed: $311,000. 

FY 10: 
Allocated: $820,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $220,000; 
Disbursed: $600,000. 

FY 11: 
Allocated: $1,000,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $1,000,000; 
Disbursed: $0. 

[End of table] 

Table: Conventional Weapons Destruction - NADR: 

FY 07: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 08: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 09: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 10: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 11: 
Allocated: $1,000,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $500,000; 
Disbursed: $500,000. 

[End of table] 

Table: Humanitarian Demining Program - NADR 

FY 07: 
Allocated: $375,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $375,000. 

FY 08: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 09: 
Allocated: $400,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $400,000. 

FY 10: 
Allocated: $1,000,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $1,000,000. 

FY 11: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

[End of table] 

Table: Small Arms Light Weapons Destruction - NADR 

FY 07: 
Allocated: $525,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $525,000. 

FY 08: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 09: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 10: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 11: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

Note: Beginning in FY 2011, funding for the Humanitarian Demining and 
Small Arms/Light Weapons Programs are consolidated under Conventional 
Weapons Destruction. 

[End of table] 

Table: Terrorist Interdiction Program - NADR: 

FY 07: 
Allocated: $257,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $257,000. 

FY 08: 
Allocated: $992,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $992,000. 

FY 09: 
Allocated: $425,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $425,000. 

FY 10: 
Allocated: $600,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $600,000. 

FY 11: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

[End of table] 

Table: Global Threat Reduction - NADR 

FY 07: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 08: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 09: 
Allocated: $100,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $100,000. 

FY 10: 
Allocated: $1,230,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $1,230,000. 

FY 11: 
Allocated: $2,257,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $1,801,000; 
Disbursed: $456,000. 

[End of table] 

Civilian Assistance: 

Humanitarian Contingency Assistance (IDA, ERMA): 

Table: International Disaster Assistance (IDA) 

FY 07: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 08: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 09: 
Allocated: $599,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $50,000; 
Disbursed: $549,000. 

FY 10: 
Allocated: $10,928,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $1,507,000; 
Disbursed: $9,421,000. 

FY 11: 
Allocated: $20,212,000; 
Unobligated balance: $265,000; 
Unliquidated obligations: $18,466,000; 
Disbursed: $1,4816,000. 

According to State officials, one of the IDA programs implementing 
partners experienced setbacks in starting their project in Yemen in 
2011 and as a result they modified their technical approach to 
accommodate the shortened food assistance duration. The difference of 
$265,445 was the amount that they requested their budget be reduced 
by for fiscal year 2011 in order to carry out the modified program in 
the remaining life of the project. 

[End of table] 

Table: Emergency Response and Migration Assistance (ERMA): 

FY 07: 
Allocated: $650,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $650,000. 

FY 08: 
Allocated: $2,950,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $2,950,000. 

FY 09: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 10: 
Allocated: $7,800,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $1,507,000; 
Disbursed: $7,800,000. 

FY 11: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $10. 

According to State officials, Emergency Response and Migration 
Assistance is not appropriated or allotted at the country level, 
and funding is determined internally each year. There are therefore no 
unobligated balances in those accounts for Yemen. 

[End of table] 

Other Contingency Assistance (CCF, 1207, TI, MEPI, USAID/CMM, 
USAID/DCHA/DG): 

Table: Complex Crises Fund (CCF): 

FY 07: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 08: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 09: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 10: 
Allocated: $12,807,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $6,995,000; 
Disbursed: $5,812,000. 

FY 11: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $10. 

[End of table] 

Table: Section 1207 Authority (1207) 

FY 07: 
Allocated: $8,845,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $5,052,000; 
Disbursed: $3,793,000. 

FY 08: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 09: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 10: 
Allocated: $10,034,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $7,769,000; 
Disbursed: $2,265,000. 

FY 11: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

Note: According to State officials, funding from the original FY 07 
allocation was obligated and disbursed in FY 08, FY 09, FY 10, and FY 
11.Due to the late appropriation in FY 10, the 1207 program did not 
obligate any funds from the FY 10 allocation during that fiscal year. 
All funding was carried over to FY 11, at which point USAID/OTI 
received the funds and began the obligation process. 

[End of table] 

Table: Transition Initiatives (TI): 

FY 07: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 08: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 09: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 10: 
Allocated: $5,492,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $174,000; 
Disbursed: $5,318,000. 

FY 11: 
Allocated: $3,850,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $3,395,000; 
Disbursed: $455,000. 

[End of table] 

Table: MEPI: Bilateral Funding 

FY 07: 
Obligated: $1,055,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0. 

FY 08: 
Obligated: $167,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0. 

FY 09: 
Obligated: $1,958,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0. 

FY 10: 
Obligated: $332,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0. 

FY 11: 
Obligated: To be determined; 
Unobligated balance: $0. 

Note: According to State officials, these numbers only reflect MEPI 
bilateral projects. MEPI oversees many projects that are multi-country 
or regional in nature, making it very difficult to disaggregate 
participant costs accurately which are therefore not captured here. 
State's ability to obligate funds in Yemen has been hampered by the 
ongoing security situation. As such, they have reported that it is 
impossible to predict at this time how much FY 11 funding MEPI will 
obligate in Yemen. 

[End of table] 

Table: Conflict Management and Mitigation (USAID/CMM) (via ESF): 

FY 07: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 08: 
Allocated: $200,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $200,000. 

FY 09: 
Allocated: $1,200,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $407,000; 
Disbursed: $793,000. 

FY 10: 
Allocated: $1,200,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $923,000; 
Disbursed: $277,000. 

FY 11: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

[End of table] 

Table: Conflict Management and Mitigation (USAID/CMM) (via DA): 

FY 07: 
Allocated: $300,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $58,000; 
Disbursed: $242,000. 

FY 08: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 09: 
Allocated: $400,000; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $400,000. 

FY 10: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 11: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

[End of table] 

Table: USAID/DCHA/DG (via DF): 

FY 07: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 08: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 09: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 10: 
Allocated: $0; 
Unobligated balance: $0; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

FY 11: 
Allocated: $1,250,000; 
Unobligated balance: $1,250,000; 
Unliquidated obligations: $0; 
Disbursed: $0. 

[End of table] 

Sources: GAO analysis of USAID and State data. 

[End of Enclosure III] 

Enclosure IV: GAO Contact and Staff Acknowledgments: 

GAO Contact: 

Charles Michael Johnson, Jr., (202) 512-7331, or johnsoncm@gao.gov: 

Staff Acknowledgments: 

Major contributors to this report were Jason Bair, Assistant Director; 
Judith Williams; Brian Tremblay; and Bruce Kutnick. Martin de 
Alteriis, Debbie Chung, Marie Mak, Mary Moutsos, and Pierre Toureille 
also provided assistance. 

[End of Enclosure IV] 

Footnotes: 

[1] Senate Report 111-201, which related to the Ike Skelton National 
Defense Authorization Act of 2011, Pub. L. No. 111-383, Jan.7, 2011, 
directed the Comptroller General to report on several questions 
pertaining to Yemen. Given the country's political unrest and 
deteriorating security situation throughout 2011, we worked with the 
appropriate congressional committees to agree upon a two-phased 
reporting process. In this first phase, we assessed assistance 
strategies and plans, as well as amounts and types. We agreed to 
perform additional work at a later date as the security situation 
allows and in consultation with the appropriate congressional 
committees. 

[2] State and DOD officials told us that there is no consensus about 
whether some funding accounts that support security cooperation or 
security sector reform should be labeled "assistance". For the 
purposes of this report, however, we consider those accounts that 
funded overt security-related activities in Yemen to be security 
assistance. Specifically, these funding accounts include: Foreign 
Military Financing, International Narcotics Control and Law 
Enforcement, International Military Education and Training, 
Nonproliferation, Antiterrorism, Demining and Related Programs, and 
Section 1206 Authority. 

[3] The Cooperation Council for The Arab States of the Gulf, or Gulf 
Cooperation Council, was established in 1981 between the countries of 
Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates. 
According to the Council's charter, its objectives include effecting 
coordination, integration and inter-connection between member states 
in all fields in order to achieve unity between them. The Gulf 
Cooperation Council is a regional common market with a defense 
planning council as well. 

[4] While the 2012 Appropriations Acts have passed Congress and were 
signed into law by the President, the agencies have decided 
allocations for some, but not all, of the relevant accounts for Yemen. 
The fiscal year 2012 numbers we include in enclosure II remain as 
estimates. Agency budget requests for fiscal year 2013 include 
increases in both bilateral security and civilian assistance over 
fiscal year 2011 actual allocations. 

[5] For the purposes of this report, we use the term “contingency” to 
refer to accounts that are managed globally and do not typically 
request funds on a bilateral, country-specific basis. 

[6] State and DOD officials told us that there is no consensus about 
whether some funding accounts that support security cooperation or 
security sector reform should be labeled “assistance”. For the 
purposes of this report, however, we consider these accounts security 
assistance. These accounts do not include any covert, classified 
assistance that the United States may have provided. 

[7] Expired funds may also be used for certain contract modifications. 

[8] National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2006, Pub. L. 
No. 109-163, Jan. 6, 2006. 

[9] Figures here may differ slightly from table below due to rounding 
errors. 

[10] According to agency officials, pursuant to authority generally 
provided in the annual Department of State, Foreign Operations and 
Related Programs Appropriations Act, certain funds that have been 
deobligated remain available for obligation for an additional four 
years from the date on which the availability of such funds would 
otherwise expire if the funds are initially obligated before they would 
have expired. 

[11] Annual appropriations for FMF generally have contained language 
that states that FMF funds shall be obligated upon apportionment. For 
the most recent appropriations containing this language see the 
Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2012, Pub. L. No. 112-74, Dec. 23, 
2011. 

[12] Expired funds may also be used for certain contract modifications. 

[13] Figures here may differ slightly from table below due to rounding 
errors. 

[14] Expired funds may also be used for certain contract modifications. 

[15] DOD provides some humanitarian assistance through its Overseas 
Humanitarian Disaster Assistance Civil Aid office which is not 
included here. 

[16] Expired funds may also be used for certain contract modifications. 

[17] Figures here may differ slightly from table below due to rounding 
errors. 

[18] Expired funds may also be used for certain contract modifications. 

[19] Figures here may differ slightly from table below due to rounding 
errors. 

[20] Expired funds may also be used for certain contract modifications. 

[21] Figures here may differ slightly from table below due to rounding 
errors. 

[22] Figures here may differ slightly from table below due to rounding 
errors. 

[End of section] 

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